Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
KRISHNA KUMAR S
1BM08CCT07
GUIDED BY
Pre-stressed Masonry
GREAT WALL OF CHINA
Bonds in Masonry
• Bond is the interlacement of bricks, formed when they lay
those immediately below or above them.
• It is the method of arranging the bricks in courses so that
individual units are tied together and the vertical joints of
successive courses do not lie in the same vertical line.
Mortar
• In masonry construction, mortars constitute only a small
proportion (approximately 7%) of the total wall area, but its
influence on the performance of the wall is significant.
• The primary purpose of mortar in masonry is to bind masonry
units into an assemblage that acts as an integral element
having desired functional characteristics.
Functions
Bond masonry units together into an integral structural
assembly
Seals joints against penetration by air and water
Accommodates small movements within a wall
Bonds to joint reinforcement to assist in resisting shrinkage
and tension
Development of load bearing masonry
Panel wall
Types of loading in Walls
Primarily walls are subjected to compression. But however
when walls are loaded eccentrically, they will be subjected
to flexure in addition to compression.
Objective of Present study
• To study the behaviour of full scale masonry wall under
axial and eccentric loading with S.R=6.0 and (e/t=0.25)
• To compute Stress reduction factor by an Analytical
approach. Secant formula has been used for computing
stress reduction factors for varying slenderness ratio and
eccentricities
Mortar strength
Unit strength
Workmanship (Hendry,1998)
Type of bond
Literature
Review
Compressive strength of bricks
***Gumaste(2004)
Earlier studies on Full scale Masonry walls in India
Raghunath et al 2003,carried out tests on un- reinforced
and reinforced walls for Axial and eccentric load
Eccentric load on 1-brick un-reinforced masonry walls
(3 Specimens)
Eccentric load test on 1-brick masonry walls with
containment reinforcement (3 Specimens)
It was not possible to sustain the applied load after the
observation of the first crack in the entire un-reinforced
specimen. These un-reinforced specimen started to
rotate as soon as the cracks formed, leading to the
failure of wall, which broke into two parts.
Gumaste 2004,
had carried out compression tests on 3, storey height
walls. The walls were of following dimensions;
Wall No 1. 720 x 105 x 2770mm(TMB)-1:0:6 mix
Wall No 2. 970 x 230 x 2770mm(TMB), 1:0:6 mix
Wall No 3. 750 x 115 x 2770mm(WCB),1:1:6 mix
The half brick thick stretcher walls failed due to
material crushing where as the failure of one brick thick
English bonded wall was due to a combination of
splitting of bricks, bond failure and diagonal shear
failure
Stress reduction factors from IS code( 0.54,0.67) were
on conservative side as compared to experimental
values(0.91,0.83)
Jolad 2008,
had carried out compression tests on 2 walls. The walls
were of following dimensions;
Wall No1. 1050 x 230 x 2430mm(TMB)-1:0:6 mix axial
loaded, S.R=10.57
Wall No 2. 1050 x 230 x 2430mm(TMB )1:0:6 mix,
eccentric loading (e/t=(1/6)), S.R=10.57
Stocky wall,
central load
100% strength
Masonry Walls:e
Slenderness
and Slender wall,
eccentric load
Eccentricity Reduced strength
e
Stocky wall,
eccentric load
Reduced strength
Effect of slenderness and eccentricity
Masonry Walls: Slenderness
and Eccentricity IS 1905 1987
Slenderness Ratio
= Effective Height/Effective Thickness
(or)
= Effective Length/Effective Thickness
*** whichever is least
Masonry Walls: Slenderness
and Eccentricity IS 1905 - 1987
Effective Height
= Actual Height * a number from 0.75 to
1.5, depending on the end fixity
Effective Length
= Actual Length * a number from 0.80 to
2.0 depending on the end fixity
Eccentricity depends on various factors
!
• Extent of bearing
• Magnitude of loads
• Unequal span lengths of the slabs
• Degree of fixity at the support
• Moment at floor/roof – wall junction
• Pitched roofs
• Walls of varying thickness
• Eccentricity of vertical loading at a particular junction in a
masonry wall shall depends on factors, such as extent of
bearing, magnitude of loads, stiffness of slab or beam, fixity
at the support and constructional details at junctions.
• No exact calculations are possible to make accurate
assessment of eccentricity. Extent of eccentricity under any
particular circumstances has, therefore, to be decided
according to the best judgment of the designer. Some
guidelines for assessment of eccentricity are given in
Appendix A. of IS 1905 - 1987
• Arches, vaults and pillars generally experience eccentric
force
VAULT PITHCED ROOF
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
Tests on Mortar
***Sarangpani 1998
Compressive Strength = Ultimate Load MPa.
Area of Loading
** As per IS-1905-1987
Flow is defined as the resulting increase in the base
diameter of mortar mass expressed as a
percentage of original base diameter
This test is useful in determining the optimum
water cement ratio for a particular mortar mix
As per IS-2250-
1981, Flow value
shall be b/w 100-
115%
Brass plate-circular
Conical mould
Rigid frame
Tests on Masonry Prisms
Objective
• To evaluate basic properties such as compressive strength,
elastic modulus, stress-strain relationship
• Prisms have been cast using 1:6 mix cement sand mortar 1.2
water cement ratio and table moulded bricks
To investigate
stress reduction
factor of walls,
for slenderness
ratio=6.0 for axial
loading and
eccentric
loading(e/t=0.25)
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
In the present project, full scale brick wall have been
constructed for both axial and eccentric loading(e/t=0.25)
for a slenderness ratio =6
0.95m
1.55m
Arrangement for Ecc.loading
1.3m
1.0m
DIAL
GAUGE
POSITION
0.5m
Plan of Eccentric loading arrangement-1
Spalling
Separation of 2
leaves of wall
Comments
Global failure of wall specimen was observed i.e. all
courses from top to the bottom participated in
sustaining load
wall4
SUMMARY OF WALL TESTED
Evaluation of stress reduction factors
It is virtually impossible to apply an axial compressive load to a
wall or column since this would require a perfect unit with no
fabrication errors
The vertical load will, in general, be eccentric to the central
axis and this will produce a bending moment in the member
The additional moment can be allowed in 2 ways
The stresses due to the equivalent axial loads and bending moments can be
added using the formula below
Total stress=P/A±M/Z
(or)
Reducing the axial load-carrying capacity, of the wall, by a
suitable factor known as “Stress reduction factor” in
IS-1905-1987
0.55
Conclusion
The analytical approach using secant formula was adopted to evolve the stress
reduction factor which gave a value of 0.40 for slenderness ratio of 6.0 and
eccentricity ratio of 0.25 (1/4)
IS: 1905-1987 gives a value stress reduction factor of 1.0 for slenderness ratio of
6.0 for all eccentricity ratios (0 to 1/3). However the experiment has shown that
there is a reduction in stress reduction factor value
The stress reduction factor value given in Eurocode(ENV-1996) and British code
(BS 5628) also reveals the reduction in stress reduction factor for varying (e/t)
ratios (eccentricities) against slenderness ratio of 6.0. Hence, the IS code value
which is on higher side needs to investigated
Scope for Further Study