THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND

GEN. GREGORIO DEL PILAR

FROM EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS AND KNOWN FILIPINO HISTORIANS
 THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM PHILIPPINE POLITICAL
AND CULTURAL HISTORY, VOL. 2 BY GREGORIO ZAIDE
Filipinos Americans
What Battle of Tirad Pass Battle of Tirad Pass
When Dec. 2, 1899 Dec. 2, 1899
Where Tirad Pass Tirad Pass
Who G. Del Pilar and 60 picked riflemen Maj. March and 300 American troops
Januario Galut
Why To give Gen. E. Aguinaldo enough time to To pursue Gen. E. Aguinaldo
escape
Author’ Stood guard to fight Repulsed by the deadly fuselage
note Gallant defenders resisted with fury like a Baffled, retreated, and devised another method
cornered lion of attack
Mounted on a white horse, was hit by an Attacked from the front and rear
American bullet
With him died 52 other defenders
8 escaped and told Aguinaldo the news
Betrayed
 THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM PHILIPPINE POLITICAL
AND CULTURAL HISTORY, VOL. 2 BY GREGORIO ZAIDE
After the Battle of Tirad Pass
Gen. Gregorio del Pilar “Leonidas of the Philippines”
Lt. Dennis P. Quinlan Buried the fallen hero with full
military honor and marked the
grave with crude headstone
”I am surrounded by fearful odds that
will overcome me and my gallant men,
but I am pleased with the thought that I
die fighting for my beloved country
GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR
Killed at the Battle of Tila Pass
December 2d, 1899
Commanding Aguinaldo’s rear-guard
An Officer and a Gentleman
THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM THE PHILIPPINES
THROUGH THE CENTURIES, VOL 1 & 2 BY ANTONIO
MOLINA
• Del Pilar’s Brigade with 1000 troops as the • Fleeing Groups
combat force
a) Protected by Gen. del Pilar and his men
a) 350 of the Joven Column are Pres. Aguinaldo, wife and sister, Leyva
sisters, Col and Mrs. Sytiar, Gen. Venancio
b) 400 of the Kawit Batallion
Concepcion and his aide, Majors Tirona and
c) 100 of the Halberdiers Company Jaciel, the Pangasinan Governor, Drs.
d) 2 Vanguard companies Barcelona and Villa and War Commissary
Timoteo Paez
b) Protected by Col. Montenegro and troops
are Pres. Aguinaldo’s mother and son, Col.
Leyva and his mother,
 THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM THE PHILIPPINES
THROUGH THE CENTURIES, VOL 1 & 2 BY ANTONIO
MOLINA
Escape Trail
• From Manaoag, Pozzorubio on Nov. 14th. Then to
Alava, Rosario, Famy and Tubaw.
• In Aringay, La Union, lunch was served at the church
plaza by Police Counselor Anacleto Diaz (later as
Associate Justice of Supreme Court)
• Proceeded to Kaba, Bawang, and Naguilan where
they are enthusiastically welcomed by the people.
The next day, Pres. Aguinaldo had inspection of
Filipino troops and informed of the advancing enemy
troops.
Nov. 15th
• Joven Column dispersed and Col. Montenegro
retreated. Kawit Batallion became demoralized.
• Pres. Aguinaldo proceeded from Naguilan to Candon
Nov. 21st
• Pres. Aguinaldo left for Salcedo to Concepcion
Nov. 27th
• On the way to Tirad Pass, Gen. del Pilar said “The
American shall never succeed in taking this place and if
they should attempt it, they could only do it over my
dead body.”
• A week of fortification was supervised by Capts. Juan
H. del Pilar and Emilio Garcia.
THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM THE PHILIPPINES
THROUGH THE CENTURIES, VOL 1 & 2 BY ANTONIO
MOLINA
American relentlessly pursued
• Gen. Young, worn out, sent Maj. Peyton C.
March with a battalion to take over.
• On Nov. 27th, Bayambang was occupied
and the formal surrendered was signed by
Filipino leader, Tirona, on board an
American warship on Dec.11.
• Americans were catching up with the
retreating Filipino forces
• They had complete information of the
movements of the Aguinaldo and his group
due to espionage system
• In Candon, Gen. Young prevented the
numerous forces of Gen. Tinio from joining
the Aguinaldo group.
• Pres. Aguinaldo led his men through the
mountains of northern Luzon, crossed the
Cagayan Valley bound for Palanan Isabela
to establish his finite refuge-headquarters
 THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH
THE CENTURIES, VOL 1 & 2 BY ANTONIO MOLINA
Filipinos Americans
What Battle of Tirad Pass Battle of Tirad Pass
When December 2, 1899 December 2, 1899
Where Tirad Pass Tirad Pass
Who Gregorio del Pilar who was barely 24 and 60 Peyton March and 300 men were guided by an Ilocano
Filipino patriots Januario Galoot
Why Ignore the appeal of Aguinaldo, insisted to Repulsed, they followed the information from Galoot,
personally direct the defense, convinced that the diversionary troop and Company H led by Lt. Tompkin
place was unconquerable did simultaneous attack.
Author’s To shed blood for the nativeland in the most gallant Despite the vandalic treatment, they were won over by
Note of manners proving to the world the right of the the valor and patriotism
Filipino people to be free and independent
Bullet whizzed by him, he paid no attention
Serious set back suffered at Tirad Pass but
Aguinaldo continue the heroic resistance
 THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE
CENTURIES, VOL 1 & 2 BY ANTONIO MOLINA
In the midst of the battle
Gen. Early morning of the battle, “I bow to the terrible fate that befalls me and my brave soldiers; but it pleases me to
Gregorio del die fighting for my beloved country”
Pilar Went from trench to trench, giving orders and urging his men to stand their ground.
Made ready to mount his white steed, an American soldier stepping out of place, climbed up to the nearby rock,
aiming at the general and fired. Upon being hit, Gen. del Pilar covered his face with his hands and toppled down
backwards. He died instantly.
Vicente Aided by a bugler, took Gen. del Pilar’s body atop the hill, but they had to leave it in the middle of the trail to
Enriquez hide themselves from the onrushing Americans
Right after the battle
Americans Stripped Gen. del Pilar of souvenirs, memoirs, letters, documents were sequestered. Took away his clothing, shoes,
buttons.
Major March Retained Gen. del Pilar’s Memoirs
Capt. Kept the field glasses, 3 golden medallions containing an Agnus Dei, a saint image, and an artistic design
Jenkinson
Lt. Dennis Arranged a proper burial, with American rendering Gen. del Pilar full military honors
Quinlan A laconic headstone was placed upon his grave with this inscription: GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR - Killed at the
Battle of Tila Pass - December 2d, 1899 - Commanding Aguinaldo’s rear-guard - An Officer and a Gentleman
 THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM HISTORY OF THE
FILIPINO PEOPLE, 8TH ED. BY TEODORO AGONCILLO

Filipinos Americans
What Battle of Tirad Pass Battle of Tirad Pass
When Dec. 2, 1899, 11:30 am Dec. 2, 1899, 11:30 am
Where Tirad Pass Tirad Pass
Who Gen. Gregorio del Pilar, rear-guard commander, boy- Major March and 300 strong men found a
general loyal to Aguinaldo and 60 troops secret trail using it to surprise del Pilar and his
Januario Galut, Christian Igorot men

Why Suggested in order to halt the Americans, he would Capture the wily Filipino leader to end Filipino
stay behind and make a last stand to give sufficient resistance to American rule
time for Aguinaldo’s escape
 THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM HISTORY OF THE
FILIPINO PEOPLE, 8TH ED. BY TEODORO AGONCILLO
Filipinos Americans
Author’s • Advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad, 4,500 ft high with good view for • Americans rushed headlong
note miles around. The trail is narrow and for only 1 man at time could clamber and captured the soldier
up. holding the reins of Del
• 60 men built trenches upon the order of del Pilar Pilar’s horse
• Del Pilar wounded in the shoulder ordered his remaining men to escape • They looted the dead body
• He tried to escape by a narrow trail but as e mounted his white horse, a for souvenirs
Krag rifle rang out…bullet passed through his neck • Major March got the diary
• Body was left by the roadside 2 days until its odor forced some Igorots to of Del Pilar
cover it with dirt.
• “The General (Aguinaldo) has given me the pick of all the men that can be
spared and ordered me to defend the Pass. I realize what a terrible task
has been given me. And yet I feel that this is the most glorious moment of
my life. What I do is done for my beloved country . No sacrifice can be too
great.”
• Aguinaldo got the fatal news. All the members of the Aguinaldo party,
said one of the soldiers in his diary , “shed bitter tears and all wanted to
fight the Americans.”
EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC
DEATH OF GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD
HENRY LITTLE (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

Context • Gen. del Pilar valiantly defended the pass.

• Dec. 1, 1899 Gen. Samuel Young, unable to
catch Aguinaldo gave up the chase and let
Major Peyton March, with a battalion of
300 men, continue the pursuit of Aguinaldo.
• Major March and his men arrived at the
Pass. With them was war correspondent of
the Chicago Tribune, Richard Henry Little
who was attached to the battalion.
He and 52 of his brave men perished in the
battle, only 8 survived the bloody fray.
• He did not die in vain because his heroic
defense of Tirad Pass delayed the
American advance, enabling President
Aguinaldo to elude the capture.
EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC
DEATH OF GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD
HENRY LITTLE (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)
For the Filipinos
What Battle of Tirad Pass and Heroic Death of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
When Dec. 2, 1899
Where Tirad Pass, Candon, Ilocos Sur
Who Gregorio del Pilar, 24 y.o. with 60 riflemen, the youngest and bravest of the Filipino generals
die while vainly trying to rally his men for one last effort to hold the Americans
Why To hold back the Americans until Aguinaldo had made good his escape
Author’s • The last ditch – the fight, the pick, the flower of the Filipino army had made in frantic attempt
Note to hold back the Americans
• Victory of the Americans brought no discredit to the little band of 60 Filipinos who fought and
died.
• From the diary - “The General (Aguinaldo) has given me the pick of all the men that can be
spared and ordered me to defend the Pass. I realize what a terrible task has been given me.
And yet I feel that this is the most glorious moment of my life. What I do is done for my
beloved country . No sacrifice can be too great.”
EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF
GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

Author’s Note • He was cheering his men in the fight. He was heard continually urging his men to
greater effort, scolding them, praising them, cursing them, appealing one moment for
their love of native land and the next instant threatening to kill them himself, if they did
not stand firm.
• Not until every man around in the 2nd entrenchment was down, did he turn his white
horse and ride slowly up the winding trail.
• He in second was in full sight of the American sharpshooters. From below, it was seen
that an American squirm his way out to the top of a high flat rock and take deliberate
aim at the figure on a white horse.
• A crack from a Krag rifle was heard, then man on a horseback rolled to the ground.
And when the troops charging up the mountain side had reached him, the boy general
was dead.
 EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF
GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)
For the Americans
What Battle of Tirad Pass and Heroic Death of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
When Dec. 2
Where Tirad Pass, Candon, Ilocos Sur
Who Major March and 33rd Volunteer Infantry, the victors
Why To defeat and arrest E. Aguinaldo and his men
Author’s • It was a great fight that was fought away up on the trail of lonely Tilad Pass
Note • Company H drove the insurgent out of their position and killed Pilar. The other companies went
further up and there was no insurgents. We found 10 dead. Some had been shot several times.
We found bloody trails, that led to edge of the cliff, where wounded men had either jumped or
fell.
• After passing the 2nd entrenchment, we found a solitary body lying in the road. The body was
stripped of clothing and there were no marks of rank left on the bloodsoaked coat.
• The face of the dead man had a look I never noticed on the face of other dead men in insurgent
uniforms. The features were clear cut, and forehead high and shapely.
EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF
GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

For the Americans

Author’ • There had been no time to bury him. Not even a blanket or a poncho had been thrown over
s Note him.
• A crow sat on the dead man‘s feet. Another perched on his head.
• “We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone. But we left him alone in his glory.
EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF
GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

A Soldier “That’s old Pilar, we got the old rascal. I guess, he’s sorry he ever went up
against the Thirty-third”
A Young soldier “There ain’t no doubt about its being Pilar. We got his diary, and his letters,
and all his papers…
Private Sullivan “I got his pants. He wont need ‘em anymore.”
Snider Proud of what he did. Got his shoes but can’t wear them because they are
too small
A Sergeant in Company G Got a silver spur
A Lieutenant Got the other spur
Somebody Swiped the cuff buttons
R. H. Little All I got was a stud button and his collar with blood on it
Major March Got the diary
EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF
GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

A Private sitting by a Exhibited a handkerchief. “It’s old Pilar. It got “Dolores Hosea” on the corner. I
camp fire guess that was his girl. Well it’s all off with Gregorio”.
Unknown Mexican dollar and pair of shoes from private insurgent soldier
Private sitting on a Examining a golden locket containing a curl of woman’s hair. “Got the locket off
rock his neck.”
Another man Got his shoulder straps
 ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL
GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. McCUTCHEON
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)
For Filipinos
What Battle of Tirad Pass
When December 2, 1899, early morning
Where Crossing Cordilleras from Ilocos Sur to Lepanto Province, 4,500 ft. above the sea
Who Gen. Gregorio del Pilar, Aguinaldo’s bestfriend, the trusted man
60 selected bodyguards of Aguinaldo who are loyal and known for their marksmanship
Why • The last stand to hold back a battalion of Texans for nearly 5 hours.
• A show of loyalty and devotion as told by the grim record they left behind.
• Americans were hunting Aguinaldo who gone over Tila Pass to Cervantes
Author’s • The fight above the clouds of Tila
note • It was an admirable position for defense, a place where a company could hold back an army, and so superior
that the insurgent leader felt that he at last was safe from the pursuing American cavalrymen beginning in
Tarlac lowlands.
• Filipinos were wasting no shot in combing the mountain grass below them
• Filipinos were slowly and deliberately loading and firing at the Americans. Those on the rocks exhibited no
signs of alarm.
• Despite of the advancing companies, there was not a slightest indication from Filipinos that they are to flee or
give up.
 ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL
GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. MCCUTCHEON
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)
For the Americans
Major March • Ordered to renew the hunt and proceed to the mountain. No commissary supplies were to
and 300 men be taken for bull carts could not travel in the narrow path. Limited ammunition could be
carried, only 140 rounds for each. Only healthy men are to go since they will be cut loose
from all the connections with the coast.
• Reconnaissance in Santo Tomas and Salcedo where the natives were gathered in the plaza
with torches to light the soldiers in, feed the troops, seat among the shacks of the village
for the night.
• Found out that Aguinaldo had passed through the town 5 days before, travelling with all
speed for Tila Pass.
• In Concepcion, an Igorotte village with few Ilocanos, he got a unanimous report that the
insurgents were holding the pass, that it was heavily entrenched and barricaded at various
points. The trail was exceedingly narrow and so steep that one could hardly climb it.
• Suspected that in many places the trail was destroyed.
• Strength of the forces was unknown except it was part of Aguinaldo’s bodyguards,
assumption is less than 150 or 40 or low as 17
January Galoot An intelligent Ilocano guide
 ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL
GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. MCCUTCHEON
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)
For the Americans
Capt. Davies with • Assigned to Lingay to the summit to Angaki which is 2,000 ft above the sea, guided
Company E and Capt. by Galoot who said it will be a 13 hours of travel with no food and water.
Cunningham with the • The first to see the 3-4 insurgents in uniforms
scouts
3 companies of the 33rd - • Proceeded to Lingay too.
G, H, M • Insurgents were above them, they lay helpless for hidden enemy would annihilate
them.
Capt. Jenkinson and Lt. • Ordered to cross the ricefields to the right of the trail to flank the enemies while
McClelland and Company E stayed in the sides. They found it hard to spot the enemies.
Company C
Major March and • Leave the horses in the protective place away from the insurgents. Skirted up the
Companies H & M hills and spotted about 8-10 men.
Company L • Protected Jenkinson and McClelland surge with their cheers to intimidate the
Filipinos
 ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL
GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. MCCUTCHEON
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)
For the Americans
Sgts. Smith and Hughes To strike in the open
Privates Savage and Next to follow charging
McCriffs, Corporal Stoley
Privates Bishop, Kane, Bethen’s clothes was on fire and Savage stopped to smother the flame
and Bethen
Privates Hill, Cranford, Fell dead with a bullet through his breast. Shot through the head and eye. Struck by a
Morris piece of flying stone
Private Jeyner Shot on the leg, “I was hit” then a bullet pierced his breast and killed him
Private Kilpatrick Next to strike in the open but was stuck 3x by the bullets from above
Lts. Tomkins, True and By 8:30am was ordered to scale the heights. They marched down the trail, avoiding
Company H the insurgents. Far down 45-50 swung up the ravine
Sharpshooters Firing across from the peak to the left while Filipinos were responding shot for shot.
ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL
GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. MCCUTCHEON
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)
For the Americans
Dr. Greenwalt • Under the little ledge was bandaging the wounded. Dead lay stretch with
handkerchief covering the faces.
Row of • Huddled with their backs to the cut at one side of the trail, waiting and wondering for
soldiers the delay.
• By 11:20am, with conviction of failure and hope was at its lowest ebb, under the heat
of the sun, there came from above sounds of firing from Krag-Jorgensens and Mausers
and cheering.
• With a wild rush, the men followed March up the winding trail while Company E were
scrambling huge barricades of the escaping insurgents targeted by the sharpshooters
across the valley, of Company H above them and men pursuing them.
• Many who were wounded threw themselves over the edge of the trail and went
crashing down through the tall reeds. Many uniforms were scattered along the trail as
a desperate attempt to hurriedly adopt the amigo grab
Author’s note • It was an exhibition of cool, deliberate nerve which was new to the Americans
• In an instant the whole scene had changed. Out of the gloom and despair and restless
inactivity had sprang hope and triumph the moment the tide seemed turned.
 ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL
GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. MCCUTCHEON
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

For the Americans

Author’s • Gen. Gregorio del Pilar was the last man to fall. He was striving to escape up the trail, had already
Note received a wound in the shoulder. A native was holding his horse for him, and just as he was
preparing to mount a Krag-Jorgensen bullet hit in the neck coming out just below his mouth.

• The men of Company E, rushing up, caught the native who was trying to secure the papers which the
general had in his pockets, and in a moment capture the horse.
• At that time no one knew who the dead man was, but from his uniform and insignias they judged that
he was an officer of high rank.
• The souvenir fiend was at once at work, and the body was stripped of everything of value, from the
diamond ring to the boots.
• A pair of handsome field eyeglasses, with an attachment which determined the ranges for the
riflemen was turned over to Capt. Jenkinson.
ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL
GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. MCCUTCHEON
(AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

For the Americans

Author’s • 3 little gold lockets which hang around his neck – one, an enamel presentation of a saint on
Note it, another a purely ornamental one, and the last a small Agnus Dei
• He wore silver spurs, shoulder straps of gold, a new khaki suit. He carried no sword. In one
of his pockets was an American 20 dollar gold piece, which he had shown to me when he
was in Manila with a peace embassy some months before.

• The troop rested, ate their dinner until the wounded were brought forward. At 3am the
troop pushed to the summit of the pass and arrived after 2 hour’s march.
MODERN DAY UPDATE FROM HISTORIAN XIAO CHUA
• He said Del Pilar's death is based on the accounts of two people who were present during the
battle: Vicente Enriquez and Telesforo Carrasco.
• In his book, Carrasco wrote that Del Pilar could not see the enemy "because of the cogon
grass and that he ordered a halt to the firing."
• "At that moment, I was handing [del Pilar] a carbine and warning him that the Americans were
directing their fire at him and that he should crouch down because his life was in danger and
at that moment he was hit by a bullet in the neck that caused instant death," he wrote.
• For Chua, news of Del Pilar dying while riding his horse on the battlefield is fake news meant
to sell newspapers.
• "Del Pilar died of carelessness. The account that he died while riding a horse is fake news.
That is an embellishment of an American journalist in the time of yellow journalism. They
wanted to sell newspapers and they wanted to make 'Goyo' appear romantic and all,"
OTHER REFERENCES USED IN THE MAKING OF THE
MOVIE TITLED GOYO: ANG BATANG HENERAL
• letters of Apolinario Mabini, "An Acceptable Holocaust: Life and Death of a
Boy General" by Teodoro Kalaw;
• A Spaniard in Aguinaldo's Army: The Military Journal of Telesforo Carrasco y
Perez" by Telesforo Carrasco y Perez;
• "General Gregorio H. Del Pilar: Idol of the Revolution" by Isaac C. Cruz;
• "Sentiments: General Emilio Aguinaldo’s Response to the Accusations of the
Sublime Paralytic" by Emmanuel Calairo.
 RELEVANCE
1. Source of inspiration for those who are looking for a hero to emulate
2. Appreciation of the role of the key players in history and the wisdom in their action
3. Learn the role of military training, professionalism, quality leadership in the quest for freedom and
independence
4. Imbibe the Filipino values such as loyalty, trust and confidence, good leadership, love for one’s family,
nationalism, patriotism, unity etc.
5. Understand how human drama in history causes disunity, weakness, self interest, misguided practicality, blind
ambition, and others.

6. Realize the importance of decision making or decisiveness in trying times or difficult situation
7. Learn from and realize how factionalism in the local culture affected the Filipino leadership and history of
the country
8. Recognition of the significance of understanding historical events through the lens of historical theories like
unintended consequences, human drama, colonialism, weltanschauung or worldview, phenomenology,
dialogue and existentialism.
 APPLICABILITY OF VARIOUS HISTORICAL THEORIES
1. Unintended Consequences – outcomes that are not the ones foreseen and intended by a
purposeful action.
2. Human Drama – understanding the “real world” with human dynamic affected by guilt,
betrayal, love and other forces interacting with each other. Reveals that history is the study
of the ebb and flow of social, political and economic tensions that make society flourishes
or declines
3. Colonialism – practice of domination and subjugation to expand for new market. Mistaken
to imperialism for the absence of clear-cut distinction. Latin colonus and imperium refer to
farmer and to command. Aim is “civilizing mission” that led to unrest and discontent of the
locals.
4. Weltanschauung or worldview – perception or view of life of a person or society. Set of
beliefs, mindset, outlook on life, human consciousness, ethics, morals etc. All affect one’s
thinking, knowing and doing.
APPLICABILITY OF VARIOUS HISTORICAL THEORIES
5. Phenomenology – study of conscious experience from first person point of view or
awareness of such experience allowing him to have inner observation of the
experience.
6. Dialogue – group of people finding a common sense or understanding about
things. Moving forward together in a common direction, each understanding their
part in what is being done, and contributing to what maybe needed in a willing
and intelligent way. Affected by cultural difference (assumptions and beliefs),
hierarchical levels (power differences).
• Ethical stance or respect, listening, assumption suspension, authenticity
7. Existentialism - emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and
responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. Also
referring to a lived experience, a quest to find one's values, beliefs, and purpose in
the world.