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CALCULATION
Fault Level
• Maximum Apparent power developed
under dead short circuit condition
Sub Transient Reactance (Xd”):
• Sub Transient Reactance (Xd”): Reactance
during the first Half cycle (It is least and SC
Current is high because the flux crossing the
air gap is high during first half cycle.
• Xd” → 20%
• Valid for T< 100 mili Second
• Used in Fault level calculation
• Used in Breaker & insulator Rating calculation
Transient Reactance (Xd’)
• After first cycle stage, the reactance is
called sub transient reactance
• Xd’ → 25%
• Valid for 0.1<T<1.0 sec
– In this stage breaker contacts are operated
– Used in relay coordination calculation
– Used in motor starting
Synchronous Reactance (Xd)
• The reactance after transient dies out & the
current reaches a steady sinusoidal state,
called direct axis synchronous reactance
• Xd → 200%
• Valid for T>>1 Sec
– Xd= If (at rated FLC on sustained symmetrical
SC) / (If at Open Circuit Voltage on the air gap
line)
– Xd > Xd’ > Xd’’
• In Generator Fault current does not fall to zero
but reaches steady state value = 1.0/Xd
• In motors fault current falls to nearly zero after
200 to 300 mili sec
• Motor contribution For Breaker sizing
calculations
– Significant for make duty (Currents that breaker has
to carry after ½ cycle
– Less significant for break duty: Current that breaker
has to break at around 5 cycles
– Motor Contribution for relay coordination studies :
Insignificant and can be ignored
Effect of Xd
• High Xd -- Voltage Regulation is poor
(Greater changes in voltage under fluctuations)
• High Xd -- Lower Stability limit
Max O/P Power = EV/Xd