Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CIRCLE
SAILINGS
1
Great circle v Mercator
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Newcastle to San Francisco enters
the Arctic Circle 66° 33’ North
3
G.C. routes in RED – Note the Icebergs
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Great circle v Rhumb line
1. ADVANTAGE
Great Circle shorter distance than Rhumb
line, therefore saving Fuel and Time.
2. DISADVANTAGE
Great Circle may take you into high
Latitudes and therefore encounter bad
weather with risk of damage to the vessel
and cargo and a slower steaming speed.
5
Basic Great Circle Drawing
North Pole
D’Long
Equator
6
Naming Courses
7
Cosine formulae for Great Circle
Cos AB = (Cos P x Sin PA x Sin PB) + (Cos PA x Cos PB)
Cos AB =
C A B
• Angle PA?
Angle PA = (90° - Lat A)
• Angle PB?
Angle PB = (90° - Lat B)
• Angle P?
Angle P = (D’Long A to B) 9
Basic Great Circle Drawing
North Pole
D’Long
Equator
10
Example 1
• Find the great circle distance, initial and final
tracks between the following places
11
Example 1
P
49°27’N B
010°46’W
22°10’N
A 074° 56’W
Equator 12
P 90° 00’N P 90° 00’N 074° 56’W
A 22° 10’N B 49° 27’N 010° 46’W
PA 67° 50’N PB 40° 33’N P 064° 10’E
C A B A B
(Cos 064°10’ x Sin 67°50’ x Sin 40°33’) + (Cos 67°50’ x Cos 40°33’)
D’Long
64°10’E
B
49°27’N
010°46’W
A
22°10’N
074° 56’W
Equator 14
Initial Course
NOTE: NO Formulae Given
– You will have to learn this!!!!!!
B A D
SAVE in X
16
Final Course
Cos B = (Cos PA – Cos PB x Cos AB)
(Sin PB x Sin AB)
SAVE in Y if required
17
Comparison
Initial course = 044.4°(T)
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Example 2
• Find the great circle distance, initial and final
tracks between the following places
19
Example 2 Equator
39°00’S 40°00’S
A 020° 00’W 142°00’E
B
P 20
P 90° 00’S P 90° 00’S 020° 00’W
A 39° 00’S B 40° 00’S 142° 00’E
PA 51° 00’S PB 50° 00’S P 162° 00’E
C A B A B
(Cos 162°00’ x Sin 51°00’ x Sin 50°00’) + (Cos 51°00’ x Cos 50°00’)
SAVE in X
22
Final Course
Cos B = (Cos PA – Cos PB x Cos AB)
(Sin PB x Sin AB)
SAVE in Y if required
23
Example 3
• Find the great circle distance, initial and final
tracks between the following places
24
A
Example 3 04°07’N
098°55’E
Equator
41°00’S
033°58’E
B
P 25
P 90° 00’N P 90° 00’S 098° 55’E
A 04° 07’N B 41° 00’S 033° 58’E
PA 94° 07’S PB 49° 00’S P 064° 57’W
C A B A B
(Cos 064°57’ x Sin 94°07’ x Sin 49°00’) + (Cos 94°07’ x Cos 49°00’)
SAVE in X
27
Final Course
Cos B = (Cos PA – Cos PB x Cos AB)
(Sin PB x Sin AB)
SAVE in Y if required
28
Example 4
• Find the great circle distance, initial and final
tracks between the following places
29
Example 4 Equator
12°04’S
077°14’W
B
33°52’S
A 151° 16’E
P
30
P 90° 00’S P 90° 00’S 151° 16’E
A 33° 52’S B 12° 04’S 077° 14’W
PA 56° 08’S PB 77° 56’S P 228° 30’W
P 131° 30’E
C A B A B
(Cos 131°30’ x Sin 56°08’ x Sin 77°56’) + (Cos 56°08’ x Cos 77°56’)
SAVE in X
32
Final Course
Cos B = (Cos PA – Cos PB x Cos AB)
(Sin PB x Sin AB)
SAVE in Y if required
33
Example 5 (SQA July 2011)
• Find the great circle distance, initial and final
tracks between the following places
54°21’S
064°18’W
Prime
Meridian
P 35
P 90° 00’N P 90° 00’N 064° 18’W
A 54° 21’S B 04° 06’N 008° 15’E
PA 35° 39’S PB 94° 06’S P 072° 33’E
C A B A B
(Cos 072°33’ x Sin 35°39’ x Sin 94°06’) + (Cos 35°39’ x Cos 94°06’)
SAVE in X
37
Final Course
Cos B = (Cos PA – Cos PB x Cos AB)
(Sin PB x Sin AB)
SAVE in Y if required
38
SQA Dec 2012 Q3
39
3ai) Find the Rhumb line distance between
49° 47’N 006° 27’W to 18° 20’N 067° 50’W
49°47’N A
006°27’W
18°20’N
B 067° 50’W
Equator 41
P 90° 00’N P 90° 00’N 006° 27’W
A 49° 47’N B 18° 20’N 067° 50’W
PA 40° 13’N PB 71° 40’N P 061° 23’W
C A B A B
(Cos 061°23’ x Sin 40°13’ x Sin 71°40’) + (Cos 40°13’ x Cos 71°40’)
D’Long
61°23’W
A
49°47’N
006°27’W
B
18°20’N
067° 50’W
Equator 43
3aiii - Initial Course
44
3b – Steaming times
46
• End
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