Multiple Access

Techniques in wireless
communications
Prepared by
Ms. Sukruti Kaulgud
Ms. Geeta Hayagreev
 Introduction
In conventional telephone systems, it is possible to talk and listen
simultaneously, called duplexing.
Duplexing
 Allow the possibility of talking and listening simultaneously.
 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Provides two distinct bands of frequencies for every user
 Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Multiple users share a signal channel by taking turns in time
domain
Each duplexing channel has both a forward time slot and a
reverse time slot to facilitate bidirectional communication.
Introduction
Multiple Access Techniques
For Wireless Communication
Multiple access schemes are used to
allow many mobile users to share
simultaneously a finite amount of radio
spectrum.
For high quality communications, this
must be done without severe
degradation in the performance of the
system.
Multiple Access Techniques

Multiple Access Techniques

FDMA TDMA CDMA SDMA

Multiple Access Techniques
Narrowband systems

Wideband Systems
 Multiple Access (MA)Technologies
used in Different Wireless Systems

Cellular Systems MA Technique

AMPS ( Advanced Mobile FDMA / FDD
Phone system )
GSM ( Global System for TDMA / FDD
Mobile )
US DC ( U. S Digital TDMA / FDD
Cellular )
JDC ( Japanese Digital TDMA / FDD
Cellular )
…Multiple Access (MA) Technologies
used in Different Wireless Systems

Cellular Systems MA Technique

DECT ( Digital European FDMA / FDD
Cordless Telephone )
IS – 95 ( U.S Narrowband CDMA / FDD
Spread Spectrum )
FDMA
Principles Of Operation

Each user is allocated a unique

frequency band or channel. These
channels are assigned on demand to
users who request service.
In FDD, the channel has two
frequencies – forward channel &
reverse channel.
…Principles Of Operation

During the period of the call, no other

user can share the same frequency
band.
If the FDMA channel is not in use, then
it sits idle and cannot be used by other
users to increase or share capacity.
This is a wasted resource.
 Properties of FDMA

The bandwidth of FDMA channels is

narrow (30 KHz) since it supports only
one call/ carrier.
ISI is low since the symbol time is large
compared to average delay spread 
No equalization is required.
FDMA systems are simple than TDMA
systems, but modern DSP is changing
this factor.
 … Properties of FDMA

Fewer bits are needed for overhead

purposes.
FDMA systems have higher cost
1. Cell site system due to single call/carrier
2. Costly band pass filters to eliminate spurious
radiation
3. Duplexers in both T/R increase subscriber costs
Nonlinear effects in FDMA
Number Of Channel Supported
By FDMA System

Bg Bg
Bt
Bt  2Bg
N
Bc
Bg  GuardBand
Bc  ChannelBandwidth
 Example

In the US, each cellular carrier is allocated

416 channels,
Bt  12.5MHz
Bg  10KHz
Bc  30KHz
(12.5  106 )  2(10  103 ) 
N  416
30  10 3
TDMA
 Principles Of Operation

TDMA systems divide the radio

spectrum into time slots and each user
is allowed to either transmit or receive
in each time slots.
Each user occupies a cyclically
repeating time slots. TDMA can allow
different number of time slots for
separate user.
 Properties Of TDMA

TDMA shares the single carrier

frequency with several users, where
each user makes use of non-
overlapping timeslots.
Data Transmission for user of TDMA
system is discrete bursts
• The result is low battery consumption.
• Handoff process is simpler, since it is
able to listen for other base stations
during idle time slots.
 Properties Of TDMA

Since different slots are used for T and

R, duplexers are not required.
Equalization is required, since
transmission rates are generally very
high as compared to FDMA channels.
Guard time should be minimized
High synchronization overhead is
required
Possible to allocate different numbers
of time slots
 TDMA Frame Structure
Preamble Information Trail Bits
message

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot N

Trail Bit Sync Bit Informatio Guard

n Bit Bits
Components of 1 TDMA Frame

Preamble  Address and

synchronization information for base
station and subscriber identification
Guard times  Synchronization of
receivers between a different slots and
frames
 Efficiency of TDMA

Frame Efficiency :
No.ofbits / frame containingtransmitted data
f 
Total Numberof bits / frame

 (1  bOH / bT )  100
(bT  bOH )
  100
bT
Frame efficiency parameters

bT  Total Number of bits per frame

=Tf  R
Tf =Frame duration
R=Channel bit rate
bOH =Number of overhead bits /frame
=Nr  br  Nt  bp  Nt  b g  Nr  b g
…Frame efficiency parameters

Nr  Number of reference bits per frame

Nt  Number of traffic bits per frame
br  Number of overhead bits per reference burst
bp  Number of overhead bits per preamble in each slots
b g  Number of equivalent bits in each guard time interval
Number of channels in TDMA
System

m(B tot -2Bguard )

N=
Bc

m  Maximum number of TDMA users supported on each radio channel

Bguard  Guard band to present user at the edge of the band
from 'bleeding over' to an adjacent radio service
 Example

GSM System uses a TDMA / FDD

system.

The GSM System uses a frame

structure where each frame consist of 8
time slots, and each time slot contains
156.25 bits, and data is transmitted at
270.833 kbps in the channel. Find: ……
 …Example

1. Time duration of a bit

2. Time duration of a slot
3. Time duration of a frame and
4. How long must a user occupying a
single slot must wait between two
simultaneous transmissions?
 Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access Technologies (SSMA)
SSMA technologies uses techniques
which has a transmission bandwidth
that is much greater than maximum
required RF bandwidth.
This is achieved by pseudo noise (PN)
sequence that contents a narrowband
signal to a wideband noise-like signal
before transmission.
 …Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access Technologies (SSMA)

SSMA provides immunity to multiple

interference and has robust multiple
access capability.
 Frequency Hopping
Frequency hopping is a form of FDMA

Each transmitter is allocated a group of

channels, known as hop set .

The transmitter transmits data in short

bursts, choosing one of these channels on
which to transmit each burst.
 Frequency Hopping
Time-frequency characteristic of a single
transmitter.
 Time Hopping
TH-PPM

Tc
t

Tf
Ts
User1 : C(1)=[1 0 0 2] d1=0
User2 : C(2)=[0 1 2 0] d2=1
User3 : C(3)=[2 2 1 1] d3=0
 Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
 It divides available bandwidth into N channels
and hops between these channels according
to the PN sequence.

 Fast hopping

 Slow hopping
 Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
 SSMA

Frequency Hopped Multiple Access

( FHMA )

Direct Sequence Multiple Access ( CDMA )

DSSS
DSSS
DSSS
 Message Signal
m(t) is a time sequence of non-
overlapping pulses of duration T, each
of which has an amplitude (+/-) 1.
The PN waveform consists of N pulses
or chips for message symbol period T.
NTC = T
where TC is the chip period.
CDMA
CDMA
CDMA
Features of CDMA
Features of CDMA
 Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access
Hybrid FDMA/CDMA (FCDMA):
 The available wideband spectrum is divided into a
number of subspectras with smaller bandwidths.
 Each of these smaller suchannels becomes a
narrowband CDMA system having processing gain
lower than the original CDMA system.
 Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access
Hybrid Direct Sequence/Frequency
Hopped Multiple Access (DS/FHMA)
 This technique consists of a direct sequence
modulated signal whose center frequency is made to
hop periodically in a pseudorandom fashion.
 Having an advantage in that they avoid the near-far
effect.
 Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access
Time Division Frequency Hopping (TDFH)
 The subscriber can hop to a new frequency at
the start of a new TDMA frame.
 Has been adopted in GSM.
 SDMA
Space division
multiplexing.
Frequency reuse only
with a certain distance
between the base
stations
Users inside a cell use
FDM or CDM.
Standard model using 7
frequencies: