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INTRODUCTION TO

MICROBIOLOGY

Department of Microbiology
Medical Faculty USU
Specific Learning Objectives
1. Menjelaskan asal usul mikroorganisme
2. Menyebutkan tokoh/perintis dalam
bidang mikrobiologi
3. Menyebutkan kaidah mikroba sebagai
penyebab penyakit (Postulat Koch)
4. Menjelaskan perbedaan dan
perbandingan sifat virus, bakteri, jamur,
chlamydia dan ricketsia
REFERENCES
 JAWETZ, MELNICK & ADELBERG’S
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 24TH EDITION
by Geo. F. Brooks, Karen C. Carroll, Janet S.
Butel, and Stephen A. Morse, McGraw-Hill,
2007.
 MIKROBIOLOGI KEDOKTERAN, Edisi
Revisi, Pengarang Staf Pengajar FK UI,
Binarupa Aksara.
REFERENCES
 Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews
Microbiology 2nd edition by Richard A.
Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Bruce D.
Fisher, 2007, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY by FH
Kayser, K.A. Bienz, J. Eckert,
R.M.Zinkernagel, Thieme, 2005.
Microbiology defined

 ‘The study of microorganisms, where the individual cells


of the 'microbe' can't be seen by the unaided human eye'

 That is, we need to use specialized detection systems-


usually optical instruments termed microscopes.

 There are 2 main type main types of microscopes in use:


- Bright field microscope: 1000 times
- Electron microscope: 106 times
What is microbiology?
 Bacteriology
 Virology
 Mycology
 Immunology
In clinical microbiology we have interest in both

 Bacteria (procaryotic)
Eg Staph sp, Strep sp, E.coli, Mycoplasma sp
 Fungi (eucaryotic)
Eg Candida sp (single celled yeast), Aspergillus sp
(multicelled)
 Parasites (eucaryotic)
Eg Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium sp (malaria)
 Viruses
Eg HIV, HBV, HBC, Rubella, Herpes (EBV, VZ, HSV)
Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Characteristic Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

Chromosome Single, circular Multiple

Nucleus No nuclear membrane or Membrane-bound, nuceoli present


nucleoli
Membrane-bound Not present Present (examples include
organelles mitochondria and endoplasmic
reticulum)
Cell wall Usually present, many contain Present in plant cells, no
peptidoglycan peptidoglycan
Plasma membrane No carbohydrates, most lack Sterol and carbohydrates present
sterols
Ribosome 70S 80S

Average size 0,2-2 µm in diameter 10-100 µm in diameter

Replication Binary fission Budding or mitosis


Procaryotes
 Procaryotes (refers
mainly to the bacteria)
 No nucleus
 Generally circular DNA
genome
 +/- cell wall
 Can have extrasomal
DNA
 DNA without introns
 Haploid (chromosome)
 Binary division
Eucaryotes
 Eucaryotes (include
fungi, protozoa,
helminth)
 Have nucleus
 Other membrane
organelles
 Diploid chromosomes
 Mitotic & meiotic
division
 Have introns and exons
BACTERIA

 Reproduce asexually by binary transverse


fission.
 Do not possess the nucleus typical of
eucaryotic microorganisms.
 The cell walls of these organisms are rigid
(with some exceptions, e.g., the
mycoplasma).
ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Chlamydiae
 Obligate intracellular parasites that are
able to reproduce only in living cells.
 Found in two stages: the infectious,
nonreproductive particles called
elementary bodies ( 0.3 m) and the
noninfectious, intracytoplasmic,
reproductive forms known as initial (or
reticulate) bodies ( 1 m).
ATYPICAL BACTERIA

Rickettsiae
 Obligate intracellular parasites.
 Rod shaped to coccoid.
 Reproduce by binary transverse fission.
 The diameter of the individual cell is
from 0.3–1 m.
 Have cell wall like bacteria
Virus
 Contain only one type of nucleic acid,
either DNA or RNA
 No enzymatic energy producing system
 No protein synthesizing apparatus
 Force infected host cells to synthesize
virus particles
A little History

 Before about 1650 philosophers believed in


“SPONTANEOUS GENERATION”
Significant discoveries altered this thinking.
• Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Some of the key players were:

ANTHONY van LEEUWENHOEK, 1674

 Mid 17th Century probably 1st to observe


microbes under max. 200x magnification

 Although Robert Hooke first to observe microbes


through magnification- It’s thought he saw protozoa
(larger cells such as amoebae)
LOUIS PASTEUR:

 Demonstrated by the use of sterile media


that microbes were in fact present in air

 And that air does not create microbes


 Used broths in flasks and ‘S’
funneled microbial trap
experiments  prove that
Spontaneous Generation is wrong.

 Fermentation
 Pasteurization
Joseph LISTER (1860)
Adopted the use of 'aseptic' techniques which lead
to its general adoption
ROBERT KOCH (1876)

 Prove that specific infectious diseases were


caused by specific organisms.
 Experiments with the very lethal disease
(especially of cattle) anthrax
 Discover the Koch bacilli (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis)  1882

Koch and wife


1905-Nobel Prize
KOCH’S POSTULATES
1. The same 'pathogen' must be present in every case of
the disease
2. The pathogen must be isolated from the
diseased host and grown in pure culture
3. The pathogen when inoculated into a
susceptible uninfected host causes the disease
4. The pathogen must be re-isolated in pure
culture from the inoculated animal
Edward Jenner, 1796  First
successful vaccination
 Relationship of cowpox to smallpox
 Smallpox (virus) 30-40% mortality
 Viremia followed by death
 Last naturally occurring case in Africa,
1976
 Role of WHO in smallpox eradication
 Possible because humans are the only
smallpox host.
 Griffith – 1928 – Experiment to determine which
part of a pneumococcus bacteria caused the
disease.
 1944 – Genetic material is DNA, not the capsule,
not the cytoplasm. Provided the groundwork for
Avery and McLeod’s definitive work, as well as for
Watson and Crick (1953) DNA Structure
 Fleming – 1929 – Penicillin (beta lactam ring in
outer layer of a bacteria is inhibited, making cell
wall synthesis impossible)

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