OHPSW1101 Ethernet Switching Principles ISSUE1.00

Ethernet Switching Pr
inciples
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2016 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 Ethernet is a universal communication protocol standa
rd used for local area networks (LANs). This standard
defines the cable type and signal processing method u
sed for LANs. As a simple, cost-effective, and easy-t
o-implement LAN technology, Ethernet has become the m
ainstream in the industry. Gigabit Ethernet and even
10G Ethernet make Ethernet the most promising network
technology.
Copyright © 2016 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 3
Objectives
 On completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the different types of Ethernet media
 Describe the working principle of HUB,L2 switch and L3
switch
 Describe Ethernet port characteristic
 Configure Ethernet port
Contents
1. Ethernet Overview
2. Ethernet Basic Concepts
3. Switching on the Ethernet
Ethernet Cable—Coaxial
 Copper coaxial cabling commonly used to support users
as part of a shared network.
Standard Cables Maximum Transmission Distance

10Base2 Thin coaxial 185m
10Base5 Thick coaxial 500m
Ethernet Cable—Twisted Pair Cabl
es
 The primary physical medium used in enterprise networ
ks.
Distanc
Standard Physical Medium
e
Two pairs of Category 3/4/5 twisted pair
10Base-T cables 100m
100Base-TX Two pairs of Category 5 twisted pair cables 100m
Four pairs of Category 5e twisted pair
1000Base-T 100m
cables
Ethernet Cable—Fiber Optic(1/2)
Ethernet Cable—Fiber Optic(2/2)
Standard Physical Medium Distance

10Base-F Two strand fiber 2000m
100Base-FX Two strand multi-mode fiber 2000m
1000Base-LX Single-mode fiber or multi-mode 316 -
fiber 5000m
1000Base-SX Multi-mode fiber 275 - 550m
10GBase-LR Single-mode optical fiber 10 km
Several
10GBase-SR Multi-mode optical fiber hundred
meters
Contents
Collision Domains
 Signals in a shared network are susceptible to collis
ions
 A collision detection mechanism is used to identify c
ollisions.
Principle of Shared Ethernet: CSM
A/CD
 CS Carrier Sense
 The LAN device listens to the Ethernet network to sense
the carrier signal on the network, ensures that line is
idle to reduce the likelihood of collision.
 MA Multiple Access
 Every traffic can be received by multiple devices .
 CD Collision Detection
 Detect the collision as transmission goes along. If the
re has been a collision. The LAN device waits a random
amount of time to transmit again.
Minimum Frame Length and Maximum
Transfer Distance
 Maximum Transfer Distance: usually decided by the fac
tors such as line quality, signal attenuation degree.
 Minimum Frame Length (64 bytes): decided by maximum t

ransfer distance and collision detection mechanism.
Duplex Modes
 Duplex modes support simultaneous and non-simultaneou
s bidirectional communication.
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Auto-negotiation
100Mb/s auto-negotiation 100Mb/s full-duplex
Port 2 10Mb/s
Port 1 auto-
auto-
auto- negotiatio
n negotiatio
negotiatio
n n
Port 3 auto-negotiation
Port 4 auto-negotiation
Port 5 auto-
negotiation
10Mb/s half- 10Mb/s full-duplex

duplex
Basic Configuration
SWA
G0/0/1
<SWA>system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[SWA]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[SWA-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo negotiation auto
[SWA-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]speed 100
[SWA-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]duplex full
Basic Configuration Verification
SWA
G0/0/1
[SWA]display interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1

GigabitEthernet0/0/1 current state : UP
Line protocol current state : UP
……
Speed : 100, Loopback: NONE
Duplex: FULL, Negotiation: DISABLE
Contents
 Layer 2 Switching
Working Mode of HUB
Application Application
layer layer
representation representation
layer layer
Session Session
layer layer
Transport Transport
layer HUB layer
Network Network
layer layer
Data Link Data Link
layer layer
Physical Physical Physical Physical
layer layer layer layer
notice ： HUB is just the

connection device at
physical layer
Working Principle of HUB
1 2 3 4 5
OUT OUT OUT OUT
IN
All the HUB devices are half-duplex
Weakness of Ethernet Connection w
ith HUB
 Actually, the network connected by HUB is shared Ethe
rnet, it has all the weakness of shared Ethernet:
 serious collision;
 broadcast flooding;
 no any guarantee
Working Mode of Bridge/L2 Etherne
t Switch
Application Application
layer layer
representation representation
layer layer
Session Session
layer layer
Transport Transport
layer L2 Switch layer
Network Network
layer layer
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical
Structure of Ethernet Frame
DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS

6 6 2 46 ～ 1500 4
Length/Type meaning
value
Ethernet_II Length/T > 1500 Represent type
802.3 Length/T <= Represent length

1500
Structure of 802.3 Frame
DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS
DSAPSSAPCTRL ORG
CODE TYPE DATA
1 1 1 3 2 38 ～ 1492
0800 IP datagram
0806 ARP request/response
8035 RARP request/response
MAC Address
48 bits
24 bits 24 bits
Vender Code
Serial Number
Example ： 00e0.fc39.8034
00e0.fc——the vender code that IEEE assigns for
manufactory
39.8034——serial number that assigns by manufactory
The Initial State of The Switch
 Each switch uses a MAC table for making forwarding de
cisions. Switch A MAC Address Table
MAC Interface
G0/0/1
G0/0/ G0/0/3
2
Host A Host B Host C

IP: 10.1.1.1/24 IP: 10.1.1.2/24 IP: 10.1.1.3/24
MAC:00-01-02-03-04-AA MAC:00-01-02-03-04-BB MAC:00-01-02-03-04-CC
MAC Address Learning
 The source MAC addresses of received frames are recor
Switch A MAC Address Table
ded.
MAC Interface
00-01-02-03-04-
A
-A
G0/0/1
AA
04
G0/0/1
-
03
2-
G0/0/ G0/0/3
-0
P
01
AR
2
0-
F0
-F
SM
FF
F-
-F
FF
D
F-
M
-F
FF

IP: 10.1.1.1/24 IP: 10.1.1.2/24 IP: 10.1.1.3/24
Forwarding The First Data
 Frames destined for unknown link layer destinations a
re flooded. Switch A
G0/0/1 FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF 00-01-02-03-04-AA
G0/0/ G0/0/3 D SM ARP

2 M

IP: 10.1.1.1/24 IP: 10.1.1.2/24 IP: 10.1.1.3/24
The Destination Reply
 Frames are forwarded to destinations based on the MAC
Switch A
table.
00
-0
1
MAC Interface
-0
2
-0
G0/0/1
3-
00-01-02-03-04-
04
G0/0/1
AA
-A
D
G0/0/ G0/0/3
A0
M
00-01-02-03-04- 2
0
G0/0/3
-0
SM
CC
1-
02
-0
AR
3-
P
4-0
CC
IP: 10.1.1.1/24 IP: 10.1.1.2/24 IP: 10.1.1.3/24
The Principle of L2 Switch
Frame Input
Destination
unicast broadcast
MAC address
Lookup Frame flooding
address table (except source port)
Not matched
matched
Forwarding frame
(except source port)
Weakness of L2 Switch
 L2 switch has brought out important improvements on
Ethernet technology, solving the collision problem ,
enhancing Ethernet capabilities remarkably, and the
security is also enhanced. But Ethernet still remains
some shortcomings as follows ：
 Broadcast flooding
 No security insurance
 The main shortcoming is broadcast flooding.
Contents
L3 Switch Features
 By logical, L3 switching is same as routing, the proc
ess of L3 switching is just the process of routing
 Main feature of L3 switch
 It not only has L2 function but also provide L3 functio
n
 Many L3 switches realize L3 forward via L3 exact search
 In allusion to LAN ， it optimizes Ethernet, most L3 swi
tch can only provide Ethernet interface and ATM LAN emu
lation interface
Select L2 Switch or L3 Switch
Frame input
VLAN
attribution
Whether it is
route interface’s
MAC address
L3 forwarding L2 forwarding
Inter-VLAN Inside VLAN
Summary
 Ethernet Overview
 Ethernet Basic Concepts
 Switching on the Ethernet
Quiz
1. At which layers do switches work in the OSI reference mod
el?
2. If a switch records the source MAC address of a host devi
ce on a port interface, and the physical connection of th
e host is then changed to another port interface on the s
witch, what action would the switch take?
More Information
 Huawei Learning Website
 http://support.huawei.com/learning/Index!toTrainIndex
 Cases on the Huawei enterprise support website
 http://support.huawei.com/enterprise/servicecenter?lang
=zh
Thank You
www.huawei.com

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Ethernet Switching Pr

Copyright © 2016 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Standard Cables Maximum Transmission Distance

10Base5 Thick coaxial 500m

Standard Physical Medium Distance

 Minimum Frame Length (64 bytes): decided by maximum t

100Mb/s auto-negotiation 100Mb/s full-duplex

10Mb/s half- 10Mb/s full-duplex

[SWA]display interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1

notice ： HUB is just the

All the HUB devices are half-duplex

DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS

Ethernet_II Length/T > 1500 Represent type

802.3 Length/T <= Represent length

DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS

0806 ARP request/response

8035 RARP request/response

Host A Host B Host C

Host A Host B Host C

G0/0/1 FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF 00-01-02-03-04-AA

G0/0/ G0/0/3 D SM ARP

Host A Host B Host C

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