Determining IP Routes

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Routed Versus Routing Protocol

• A routed protocol:
– Includes any network protocol suite that provides
enough information in its network layer address to
allow a router to forward it to the next device and
ultimately to its destination.
– Defines the format and use of the fields within a
packet.
• A routing protocol:
– Provides processes for sharing route information.
– Allows routers to communicate with other routers
to update and maintain the routing tables.

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IP as a Routed Protocol

• IP is a connectionless,
unreliable, best-effort
delivery protocol.
• As information flows
down the layers of the
OSI model; the data is
processed at each
layer.
• IP accepts whatever
data is passed down
to it from the upper
layers.
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 Packet Propagation and Switching Within
a Router

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Packet Propagation and Switching Within
a Router

• As a frame is received at a router interface.

• The MAC address is checked to see if the
frame is directly addressed to the router
interface, or a broadcast.
• The frame header and trailer are removed
and the packet is passed up to Layer 3.
• The destination IP address is compared to
the routing table to find a match.
• The packet is switched to the outgoing
interface and given the proper frame header.
• The frame is then transmitted.

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What Is Routing?

To route, a router needs to do the following:

• Know the destination address
• Identify the sources it can learn from
• Discover possible routes
• Select the best route
• Maintain and verify routing information

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What Is Routing? (Cont.)

• Routers must learn destinations that are

not directly connected.
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Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes

Static Route Dynamic Route

• Uses a route that a • Uses a route that a
network administrator network routing
enters into the router protocol adjusts
manually automatically for
topology or traffic
changes

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Static Routes

• Configure unidirectional static routes to and from

a stub network to allow communications to occur.

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Static Route Example

• This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route

configured in the opposite direction.
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Default Routes

• This route allows the stub network to reach all known

networks beyond router A.
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Verifying the Static
Route Configuration

router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route
 
Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0
 
10.0.0.0/8 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0

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What Is a Routing Protocol?

• Routing protocols are

used between
routers to determine
paths and maintain
routing tables.
• Once the path is
determined, a router can
route a routed protocol.

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Sources of Information and
Discovering Routes

Routers discover the best path to

destinations from each neighbor.

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Classes of Routing Protocols

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 Classes of Routing Protocols

Distance Vector
• RIPv1
• RIPv2
Link State
• OSPF
• IS-IS

Hybrid Routing
• EIGRP

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 Distance Vector Routing
Protocols

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Distance Vector Routing Protocols

• Routers pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor

routers and accumulate distance vectors.

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 RIP (Distance Vector Routing Protocol)

• Maximum is 6 paths (default = 4)

• Hop-count metric selects the path
• Routes update every 30 seconds
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RIP Configuration

Router(config)#router rip

• Starts the RIP routing process

Router(config-router)#network network-number

• Selects participating attached networks

• Requires a major classful network number

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RIP Configuration Example

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Displaying the
IP Routing Table

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RIPv2

• Distance vector protocol like RIP.

• Same AD, update timer and metric as RIP.
• But supports classless ip routing.
• Uses multicast address 224.0.0.9

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 Link-State Routing
(OSPF)

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 Link-State Routing Protocols

• After initial flood, pass small event-triggered link-state

updates to all other routers
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Benefits of Link-State Routing

• Fast convergence: changes are reported

immediately by the source affected.

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OSPF as a Link-State Protocol

• OSPF propagates link-state advertisements

rather than routing table updates.
• LSAs are flooded to all OSPF routers in the area.
• The OSPF link-state database is pieced together
from the LSAs generated by the OSPF routers.
• OSPF uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the
shortest path to a destination.
– Link = router interface
– State = description of an interface and its
relationship to neighboring routers

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OSPF Hierarchical Routing

• Consists of areas and autonomous systems

• Minimizes routing update traffic

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 Configuring Single Area OSPF

Router(config)#router ospf process-id

• Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol

Router(config-router)#network address mask area area-id

• Assigns networks to a specific OSPF area

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OSPF Configuration Example

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Verifying the OSPF Configuration

Router#show ip protocols

• Verifies that OSPF is configured

Router#show ip route

• Displays all the routes learned by the router

Router#show ip ospf interface

• Displays area-ID and adjacency information

Router#show ip ospf neighbor

• Displays OSPF-neighbor information on a per-interface basis

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 Drawbacks to Link-State Routing
Protocols

• Initial discovery may cause flooding.

• Memory- and processor-intensive.

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 Balanced Hybrid Routing
( EIGRP)

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 Balanced Hybrid Routing

• Shares attributes of both distance vector

and link-state routing

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 Introducing EIGRP

EIGRP FEATURES
• Metric: Bandwidth, delay, load, reliability
• Event triggered updates
• Exchange updates like distance vector.

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EIGRP Terminology

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 Configuring EIGRP

Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system

• Defines EIGRP as the IP routing protocol

Router(config-router)#network network-number

• Selects participating attached networks

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EIGRP Configuration Example

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Verifying the EIGRP Configuration
Router#show ip eigrp neighbors

• Displays the neighbors discovered by IP EIGRP

Router#show ip eigrp topology

• Displays the IP EIGRP topology table

Router#show ip route eigrp

• Displays current EIGRP entries in the routing table

Router#show ip protocols
• Displays the parameters and current state of the active
routing protocol process

Router#show ip eigrp traffic

• Displays the number of IP EIGRP packets sent and received
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