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INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Baloye D.O
INTRODUCTION
A union
&
Geosciences Information Technology
* The science of measuring and mapping the spatial distribution of data (Dale, 1999).
* The science of spatially related data, especially its collection, manipulation and
representation
1968: The Transportation Information System was developed by Robert Tweedie of the N.Y
State Department of Transportation at Albany, and was based on grid manipulation. It
incorporated, among others, geocoded land use and travel characteristics.
1969: Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), founded by Jack & Laura
Dangermond.
Integraph Corporation (originally called M&S Computing Inc) by Jim Meadlock.
Laser-Scan was founded in 1969 by three academics from the Cavendish Laboratories,
Cambrdige, United Kingdom.
Ian McHarg's influential book Design With Nature was published, thus popularising
the development of map overlay techniques.
1972: The first Landsat satellite (originally known as ERTS-1) was launched, thus starting the
satellite revolution.
1974: The first AUTOCARTO conference was held in September 1974, in Reston, Virginia.
1979: The ODYSSEY GIS developed at the Harvard Lab as the first vector GIS.
1980 : MAP (Map Analysis Package) developed by Dana Tomlin as a raster-based GIS.
1985: The Edinburgh M.Sc. in GIS was one of the first educational programmes on GIS.
1988: GIS World Launched as the world 's first magazine for geographic technology.
1993: Xerox PARC Map Viewer the first Web-based interactive map was developed by Steve
Putz and was implemented as as a perl script that accepts requests for map renderings
and returns an HTML document including an inlined GIF image of the requested map.
1996: First International Conference on Global Spatial Data Infrastructure is held in Boon,
Germany.
"A geographic information system is a facility for preparing, presenting, and interpreting facts
that pertain to the surface of the earth.
"A geographic information system (GIS) is an information system that is designed to work with
data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a database
system with specific capabilities for spatially-reference data, as well [as] a set of operations for
working with data . . . In a sense, a GIS may be thought of as a higher-order map." –
Jeffrey Star and John Estes
"an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel
designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of
geographically referenced information." - ESRI
“…………………” Somebody
GIS: The Definition… Comprehensive GIS therefore require a means of:
Data input:
Data transformation, analysis, and modeling:
maps, aerial photos, satellites,
including spatial statistics
surveys, and other sources
Data reporting:
Data storage and retrieval:
maps, reports, and plans
computer and workstations
GIS: What it cannot do GIS can help provide answers to the under listed
generic questions and other spatial problems
Location: What is at………….?
The first of these questions seeks to
find out what exists at a particular
location. A location can be
described in many ways, using, for
example place name, post code, or
geographic reference such as X
longitude/latitude or x/y. Where is
facility X? Where are the wetlands?
ANALYTICAL/DIGITAL
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
SPATIAL DIGITAL MAPS
DATABASE
REMOTE SENSING
DIGITIZED MAP
DATA EXCHANGEABLE
FORMAT
NON SPATIAL (ATTRIBUTE)
Components of GIS
HARDWARE
- data acquisition
* Automated Surveying e.g GPS
Total Station, EDM, Digital Level,
Echo Sounder etc.
- data management
Computer
- Information presentation
Components of GIS..
SOFTWARE: is defined as the group of instructions which enable the execution of a certain
procedure by a computer. A computer without software is a dead machine. GIS usually has a
series of software modules which can be broken down
into the following groups:
INFRASTRUCTURE (METHODS):
A successful GIS operates according to a well-
designed plan and business rules, which are the
models and operating practice unique to each
organization. This component also referred to as
methods, are the defined methods used to
analyze the data and produce accurate results.