PGT 201E- INSTRUCTIONAL

TECHNOLOGY PRACTICES

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rozinah Jamaludin

Monday 3-5 pm
DKW
Semester 1 2008/2009
 Important Information
• Course Coordinator: Dr. Rozinah Jamaludin
– Ext. 2611/3431, e-mail: rozinah@usm.my
• Dr. Balakrishnan Muniandy
– Ext. 3875, e-mail: mbala@usm.my
• Moodle site: http://kursus-ptpm.usm.my/kursus
• Create Username and your own password. I will
verify the next day or anytime I am online.
• Blended learning Approach
 Introduction

• Definition of Technology
• History of Instructional Technology
• Evolution of Instructional Technology
• Definition of Instructional Technology
• Educational Technology or Instructional
Technology?
 Technology

• The word technology, as used by scientists

and philosophers of science, refers to the
means by which we make science work to
solve practical problems. There may or may
not be machines involved in technology, but
there is always the application of science.
Technology, in its truest form, refers to
endeavors to solve human problems
 Technology

• Technology does not need to be electronics or

machines. It is a word for a tool that we use to
solve practical problems. It could be a scientific
methodology, organized knowledge or the
systematic application of practical tasks.
• Technology can refer to material objects of use to
humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils,
but it can also encompass broader themes,
including systems, methods of organization, and
techniques.
 History of Instructional Technology

• The first use of instructional technology cannot be attributed to a

specific person or time. Many histories of instructional technology
start in the early 1900s, while others go back to the 1600s. This
depends on the definition of instructional technology. Definitions that
focus on a systems approach tend to reach further back in history,
while those definitions focused on sensory devices are relatively more
recent.
• The use of audio and visual instruction was boosted as a military
response to the problems of a labor shortage during WWII in the
United States. There was a definitive need to fill the factories with
skilled labor. Instructional technology provided a methodology for
training in a systematic and efficient manner.
 Instruction

• Instruction is a process of decision-making

and activities that are made and carried out in
order to procure the desired out comes for
learners. That is including such as
examination of learners prior knowledge,
determining the structure and combination of
learning materials, determining goals and the
required capabilities for the desired learning
outcomes and so forth.
 Evolution of IT
In recent years, there has been a rapid infusion of technology into
instruction (Bonk & King, 1998; Cognition and Technology Group
at Vanderbilt, 1996; Fisher, Dwyer, & Yocam, 1997; Grabe &
Grabe, 1998; Jonassen, Peck, & Wilson, 1999). Technology (the
Greek form of technė, translated as art, craft or skill) was conceived
by the ancient Greeks as a particular activity and as a kind of
knowledge. The development of a new process for doing something,
for example, is considered as technology (Saettler, 1990). Since
then, however, authors such as Clark (1988) have argued that a
'craft' and 'technology' are not synonymous, and that we should
think of them as such is detrimental to the field.
 Evolution of IT

“It is unclear who first used the term educational technology. We

have documented evidence that Franklin Bobbit and W.W.
Charters used educational engineering in the 1920’s. The first
author first heard educational technology used by W.W. Charters
in an interview with this author in 1948… The late James D. Finn
used instructional technology in a forward he wrote for the first
publication of the NEA sponsored Technological Development
Project in 1963. However, the focus of the application was
audiovisual communications” (Saettler, 1990, p. 17).
 Evolution of IT

However, in the 1977 Association for Educational Communications and

Technology (AECT, 1977) definition had made a distinction between
‘Educational’ and ‘Instructional Technology’ and ‘Technology in
Education’.
‘Educational Technology’ was first seen as a tool technology. It referred
to the use of devices, media and hardware for educational purposes.
‘Instructional Technology’ was defined as a subset of ‘Educational
Technology’ using the rationale that instruction is a subset of education
which deals only with learning that is purposive and controlled (AECT,
1977). ‘Technology in Education’ was used to describe technological
applications used by support systems for education such as grade
reporting, scheduling, and finance.
 Evolution of IT

AECT (1977) therefore defined “instructional technology as a complex,

integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and
organization, for analysing problems, and devising, implementing,
evaluating and managing solutions to those problems, in situations in
which learning is purposive and controlled” (Part 1-16).
 Paradigms of Educational
Technology
• Physical science or media paradigm
– Films, tv, audio-video equipment.
• Behavioral science paradigm
– Environmental factors shapes behavior
• Audio-visual communication and systems concept
paradigm
– Communication models and processes.
• Cognitive science paradigm
– Mental processes
• Constructivist paradigm.
– Knowledge is constructed based on prior knowledge.
 Current Status of IT
• Instructional technology is a growing field of study which uses technology as a
means to solve educational challenges, both in the classroom and in distance
learning environments.
• While instructional technology promises solutions to many educational problems,
resistance from faculty and administrators to the use of technology in the
classroom is not unusual. This reaction can arise from the belief - or fear - that
the ultimate aim of instructional technology is to reduce or even remove the
human element of instruction. However, most instructional technologists would
counter that education will always require human intervention from instructors or
facilitators.
• Many graduate programs are producing instructional designers, who increasingly
are being employed by industry and universities to create materials for
distance education programs. These professionals often employ e-learning tools,
which provide distance learners the opportunity to interact with instructors and
experts in the field, even if they are not located physically close to each other.
 Relation to learning theory

• The purpose of instructional technology, of course, is the

promotion of learning. Learning theory (education) has
influenced Instructional design and Instructional designers (the
practitioners of Instructional Technology). Instructional
Technologies promote communication and interactivity. These
two come together under the general heading of Interaction.
• Moore (1989) argues that there are three types of learner
interaction (learner-content, learner-instructor, and learner-learner
interactions). In the years since Moore's article, several
philosophical views have surfaced that relate Instructional
technology to these types of interaction.
 Development of Instructional
Technology in Malaysia
• 1949-1971: the use of visual
• 1972-1979: influence of mass media like
educational radio and television
• 1980 – 1990: development of resource centre and
computer education
• 1990 and beyond: The Age of Internet.
 Definition of Instructional
Technology (IT)
• IT is the scientific and systematic application of
strategies and techniques for better outcomes from
a processs of teaching and learning.
• Confused IT referred to computerized education or
on-line courses.
• IT doesn’t mean what kind of tools we use or what
kind of forms of learning environment.
 Definition of Instructional
Technology (IT)
• Instructional Technology is the theory and practice
of design, development, utilization, management,
and evaluation of process and resources for
learning.
Barbara Seels, Rita Richey. (1994). Instructional
Technology: The Definitions and Domains of the
Field. Washington, D.C. , Association for
Educational Coommunications and Technology.
 Definition of Instructional
Technology (IT)
• The Assocciation for Educational Communications and
Technology (AECT) (1994) defines IT as “the theory and
practice of design, development, utilization, management
and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.”
• Silber (1970) describes IT as “the development… of
instructional systems components (messages, people,
materials, devices, techniques, settings) and the
management of the development… in a systematic manner
with the goal of solving educational problems”.
 Definition of Instructional
Technology (IT)
• Tickton (1970), “ instructional technology is a way
of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total
process of learning and teaching in terms of
specific objectives, based on research in human
learning and communication and employing a
communication of human and non-human resources
to bring about more effective instruction.”
 Definition of Instructional
Technology (IT)
• Therefore, IT stands as a method, process, or tool
used to make instruction more efficient.
 Areas in Instructional Technology
• Within the field of instructional technology, there are many specific
areas of focus. While instructional technology can apply to the
military and corporate settings, educational technology is
instructional technology applied to a learning and teaching
environment.
• Razavi (2005) advocates that educational technology covers
instructional technology. It includes instructional technology and
the field study in human teaching and learning. So educational
technology is broader than instructional technology. Instructional
technology itself is consisted from two major parts. One is teaching
technology and another is learning technology. In the education
industry, the term "instructional technology" is frequently used
interchangeably with "educational technology."
 Other Areas in Instructional Technology
• Cooperative learning
• Human Performance Technology
• Instructional Systems Design
• ADDIE Model
• Mind map
• Distance education
• SCORM
• Blended learning
• Mnemonic
• Project-based learning
• Information mapping
• Assistive technology
• Educational animation
• Computer-adaptive test
• Educational evaluation
• Rubrics (education)
• Usability testing
• Programmed instruction
• Verbal behavior
 Other Areas in Instructional Technology
• Learning theory (education)
• Educational psychology
• Educational research
• Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge
• M-learning
• E-learning
• Flexible Learning
• Confidence-Based Learning
• Mind Map
• Habituation
• Sleep-learning
• Metacognition
• Overlearning
• Operant conditioning
• Observational learning
• Zone of proximal development
• Bloom's taxonomy
 Definition of Instructional
Technology (IT)
• Definitions of Instructional technology on the Web:
• The use of computers, multimedia, and other technological tools to enhance the teaching and learning process.
Sometimes referred to as educational technology.
www.iteawww.org/TAA/Glossary.htm
• Instructional technology is the systemic and systematic application of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral,
cognitive, and constructivist theories to the solution of instructional problems.
www.modares.ac.ir/elearning/Mchizari/AEA/Page/Class%209/definitions.htm
• The use of technology (computers, compact disc, interactive media, modem, satellite, teleconferencing, etc.) to support
learning.
www.neiu.edu/~dbehrlic/hrd408/glossary.htm
• various types of hardware and software, combined with innovative teaching methods, to accommodate students' learning
needs in the classroom. (See 377)
highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072494638/student_view0/chapter12/glossary.html
• Instructional technology is the systemic and systematic application of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral,
cognitive, and constructivist theories to the solution of instructional problems. Instructional Technology = Instructional
Design + Instructional Development Instructional technology is the systematic application of theory and other organized
knowledge to the task of instructional design and development.
www-personal.umich.edu/~cberger/def-inst.html
•
 Definition of Instructional
Technology (IT)
• Instructional technology is the systemic and systematic application
of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral, cognitive, and
constructivist theories to the solution of instructional problems.
• Instructional Technology = Instructional Design + Instructional
Development
• Instructional technology is the systematic application of theory and
other organized knowledge to the task of instructional design and
development.
• Instructional Development:
The process of implementing the design plans.
 References
Albright, M.J. (1995). Reaffirming Instructional technology as an Imperative for Higher
Education as We Approach the Third Millennium. Paper presented at the annual
conference of the Educational Media Institute, South African Association for
Research and Development of Higher Education, Cape Town.
Beattie, S. (1999). What is Educational Technology? BiblioTech. 1(1) Available online
http://www2.augustana.edu/library/Newsletter1/index.htm .
Commission on Instructional Technology. (1970). To improve learning. A report to the
President and the Congress of the United States. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government
Printing Office.
Jones, B.W. (1999). A Differentiating Definition of Instructional Technology and
Educational Technology. Available online:
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Campus/7941/trmpprh.html
Seels, B.B. and Richey, R.C. (1994). Instructional technology: The definition and domains of
the field. Washington, D.C: AECT.
Silber, K.H. (1970). What field are we in, anyhow? Audiovisual Instruction, (15(5), pp.
21-24.
Tickton, S.G. (1970). To improve learning: An evaluation of instructional technology. New
York: R.R. Bowker Company.
Webster’s Dictionary (1989). Edited by Patterson, R.F. and Litt, D. Miami, FL, P.S.I. &
Associates, Inc.
Thank you