m Fasting blood glucose level,

specifically before eating

anything in the morning must
be between 70mg/dl and 99
mg/dl. If it is126mg/dl or higher
then it means that person is
suffering from diabetes.
— It is good to keep the track of
glucose levels. While monitoring the
levels of glucose in blood it is
important to note the pattern of
levels of these levels. The person
should pay proper attention to
different types of medications,
foods, stress level or any other
activity that cause an undesirable
decrease or increase in the level of
glucose in the bloodstream.
m Ifyour levels of glucose in blood are
not in the normal range then it is
critical that you start taking the action
right now!
m 1) The first step towards your better
health for your health is to check Signs
of Diabetes so that you can
start Treatment of diabetes
m 2) The next step is to plan a visit to
endocrinologist.
 m˜
 






˜˜also referred to as the
glucose tolerance test, measures the
body·s ability to metabolize glucose,
or clear it out of the bloodstream.
The test can be used to diagnose
diabetes, gestational diabetes
(diabetes during pregnancy) or
prediabetes (a condition
characterized by higher-than-normal
blood sugar levels that can lead to
type 2 diabetes).
m Those taking the OGTT to
diagnose diabetes or pre-
diabetes who are not pregnant
should eat a normal, balanced
diet the week before taking the
test. Experts recommend that this
diet include at least 150 to 200
grams of carbohydrates per day.
Patients must fast for at least 8 to
12 hours before having the test.
m radioactive iodine uptake
(RIU) test uses a radioactive
tracer and a special probe to
measure how much tracer
the thyroid gland absorbs from
the blood.
m The test can show how much
tracer is absorbed by
the thyroid gland and if it is
evenly spread in the gland.
This helps your doctor know if
the thyroid gland is working
properly. The radioactive
tracer commonly used in this
test is iodine.
m radioactive iodine uptake
test is done to find problems
with how the thyroid gland
works, such
as hyperthyroidism. n RIU
test may be done at the same
time as a thyroid scan.
m radioactive iodine uptake
(RIU) test is done to:
m Find the cause of an
overactive thyroid gland
(hyperthyroidism).
m Plan treatment for
hyperthyroidism.
m re allergic to any medicines,
such as iodine. But even if you
are allergic to iodine, you will
likely be able to have this test
because the amount used in
the tracer is so small that your
chance of an allergic
reaction is very low.
m thyroid scan uses a radioactive
tracer and a special camera to
measure how much tracer
the thyroid gland absorbs from the
blood.  thyroid scan is done to
find problems with the thyroid
gland.  thyroid scan may be
done with a radioactive iodine
uptake test (RIU) to check how
well the thyroid gland is working.
m thyroid scan is done to:
mFind the cause of an overactive
thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism0.
mSee whether thyroid cancer has
spread outside the thyroid
gland.  whole-body thyroid
scan will usually be done for this
evaluation.
m Œ




 (Œ
),
also known as 





  (Π), 






 (Œ
)
and 




 (Π), is
a diagnostic procedure sometimes
used to investigate superficial (just
under the skin) lumps or masses. In
this technique, a thin, hollow
needle is inserted into the mass to
extract cells that, after being
stained, will be examined under
a microscope.
m Fineneedle aspiration biopsies are
very safe,
minor surgical procedures. Often,
a major surgical (excisional or
open) biopsy can be avoided by
performing a needle aspiration
biopsy instead Today, this
procedure is widely used in the
diagnosis of cancer.
m needle aspiration biopsy is
safer and less traumatic than an
open surgical biopsy, and
significant complications are
usually rare, depending on the
body site. Common
complications include bruising
and soreness.
m There is a risk, because the
biopsy is very small (only a few
cells), that the problematic
cells will be missed, resulting in
a false negative result. There is
also a risk that the cells taken
will not enable a definitive
diagnosis.
m This type of biopsy is
performed for one of two
reasons:
m  biopsy is performed on a
lump or a tissue-mass when its
nature is in question.
m For known tumors, this biopsy is
performed to assess the effect
of treatment or to obtain tissue
for special studies.
m Several preparations may be
necessary before this
procedure.
m No use of aspirin or non-
steroidal anti-inflammmatory
medications
(e.g. ibuprofen, naproxen) for
one week before the
procedure;
m No food intake a few hours
before the procedure;
m


 
(
), and the
closely related 


 

(), is the amount of
daily energy expended while at rest
in a neutrally temperate
environment, in the post-absorptive
state (meaning that the digestive
system is inactive, which requires
about twelve hours of fasting in
humans).
m Therelease of energy in this
state is sufficient only for the
functioning of the vital
organs,
the heart, lungs, nervous
system, kidneys, liver,
intestine, sex organs, muscles,
and skin.
m Several prediction equations
exist. Historically most notable
was Harris-Benedict equation,
which was created in 1919.
The original equations from
Harris and Benedict are:
m˜
  



m where r
is the 



in kg.
m ccording to this formula, if
the woman in the example
has a body fat percentage of
30%, her BMR would be
1263 kcal per day.
m˜
  
m where r
is the lean body mass in
kg
m Since lean body mass is
metabolically active vs. fat cells
which need very few calories to be
sustained, these formula tend to be
more accurate, especially with
athletes who have above average
lean mass and little body fat.
mTo calculate daily calorie
needs, the BMR value is
multiplied by a factor
with a value between 1.2
and 1.9, depending on
the person's activity level.
m heVM test is primarily used to
detect and rule out
neuroblastomas in children with
an abdominal mass or other
symptoms suggestive of the
disease. It may be ordered
along with an HV test to help
diagnose a neuroblastoma, to
monitor the effectiveness of
treatment, and to monitor for
neuroblastoma recurrence.
m urine creatinine is typically also
ordered, especially withrandom
with urine , and tests results are
frequently reported as VM-to-
creatinine and HV-to-creatinine
ratios. Since creatinine is a
substance that is excreted in the
urine at a relatively constant rate,
it serves as a comparison to the
rate of VM and HV excretion.
m Routine blood tests
(including clotting profile) must
be completed two weeks
before the biopsy;
m Suspension of
blood anticoagulant medicati
ons;
m ntibiotic prophylaxis may be
instituted.