CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCEIVER

Needs
Experience
Values
Attitude
Personality
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCEIVED (TARGET)
Appearance
Behaviour
Nature
Location
Intensity
Size etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITUATION
Physical settings
Social settings
Organizational settings
Perception is the process through which
an individual organizes and interprets their
sensory impressions in order to give
meaning to their environment. The
process of perception includes receiving,
selecting, organizing, interpreting,
checking & reacting to sensory stimuli or
data.
 EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

RECEIVING SELECTING INTERPRETING

CHECKING ORGANIZING
REACTING

SITUATION
RECEIVING THE STIMULUS:

INTERNAL EXTERNAL

SELECTING (PERCEPTUAL SELECTION)

EXTERNAL FACTORS
INTERNAL FACTORS
Size
Learning
Intensity
Psychological needs
Location
Age difference
Contrast
Interest
Movement
Repetition
Novelty & Familiarity
 TURN
OFF THE
THE ENGINE
M-A-C-T-A-V-I-S-H

M-A-C-D-O-N-A-L-D

M-A-C-B-E-T-H

M-A-C-H-I-N-E-R-Y
THE ORGANIZING PROCESS: The stimuli received
must be organized so as to give some meaning to them.
This aspect of forming bits of information into meaningful
whole is called the perceptual organizing. The three
dimension of PO are
– Figure ground: This principle states that the relationship of a
target to its background influences perception
– Perceptual grouping:
Principle of similarity
Principle of proximity
Principle of closure
– Perceptual constancy: Our ability to perceive certain
characteristics of an object as remaining constant, despite
variation in the stimuli that provides us that information.
FIGURE-GROUND PRINCIPLE
 INTERPRETING
After the data has been received and organized,
the perceiver interprets or assigns meaning to
the information. Perception has said to have
taken place only after the data have been
interpreted.

Factors affecting interpreting

Perceptual set
Attribution
Stereotyping
Halo effect
Perceptual context
Projection
 Errors
1.Halo effect: Drawing a general impression about
an individual based on a single characteristics or
trait is called Halo Effect.
2. Attribution: Explaining human behavior in terms
of cause and effect is called Attribution.
3. Stereotyping: When individual are judged on the
basis of the characteristics of the group to which
they belong, called Stereotyping.
4. Personality: Personality of the perceiver also
affects what is to be perceived.
 Errors
5. Situation: The situation or context in
which we observe or see things also
influences our perception about them.
6.Perceiver: The perceiver's attitude,
motives, interests, past experiences,
and expectations, are among the most
relevant personal factors/
characteristics that affect perception.
 CHECKING & REACTING
CHECKING: After the data have been interpreted,
the perceiver tends to check whether his
interpretation is right or wrong. One way of
checking is introspection.

REACTING: The last phase in the process is

reaction. The perceiver shall indulge in some
action in relation to his perception. The action
depends on whether the perception is
favourable or unfavourable,
ROLE OF PERCEPTION IN ORGANIZATION

The world that is perceived is the world

that is behaviourally important
Selection (Interview)
Performance appraisal
Decision making (Reward or punishment)
Interpersonal behaviour
Industrial relations (Management &
workforce)
 Specific Applications in
Organizations
Employment Interview
– Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of
interviewers’ judgments of applicants.
Performance Expectations
– Self-fulfilling prophecy (pygmalion effect): The lower or
higher performance of employees reflects preconceived
leader expectations about employee capabilities.
Ethnic Profiling
– A form of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is
singled out—typically on the basis of race or ethnicity—
for intensive inquiry, scrutinizing, or investigation.
Performance Evaluations
– Appraisals are often the subjective
(judgmental) perceptions of appraisers of
another employee’s job performance.
Employee Effort
– Assessment of individual effort is a subjective
judgment subject to perceptual distortion and
bias.