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Figure 43.2
Figure 43.3
2 Microbes
are engulfed
into cell.
MACROPHAGE
3 Vacuole
containing
microbes
forms.
Vacuole Lysosome
containing 4 Vacuole
enzymes and lysosome
fuse.
5 Toxic
compounds
and lysosomal
enzymes
destroy microbes.
6 Microbial
debris is
released by
Figure 43.4 exocytosis.
Spleen
Lymphatic
Tissue
Peyer’s patches vessel
cells
(small intestine)
• Interferons
– Provide innate defense against viruses and
help activate macrophages
Macrophage Blood
Chemical signals clotting
Phagocytic cells elements
Phagocytosis
Capillary
Figure 43.6
Antigen
Antibody B
Antibody C
Figure 43.7
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes
• The vertebrate body is populated by two main
types of lymphocytes
– B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes
(T cells)
– Which circulate through the blood
V
V
Variable
V
Light
chain regions
C
C
Constant
C C regions
Transmembrane
region
Plasma
membrane
Heavy chains
Variable
regions
V V
Constant
regions C C
Transmembrane
region
Plasma β chain
membrane α chain
Disulfide bridge
Cytoplasm of T cell T cell
• MHC molecules
– Are encoded by a family of genes called the
major histocompatibility complex
• A nearby T cell
– Can then detect the antigen fragment
displayed on the cell’s surface
Helper T cell
Figure 43.9b (b)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lymphocyte Development
• Lymphocytes
– Arise from stem cells in the bone marrow
Lymphoid Thymus
stem cell
B cell T cell
pre-mRNA V3 J5 Intron C
4 Translation
104
Antibody concentration
103
(arbitrary units)
100
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Figure 43.13 Time (days)
Secreted
cytokines
B cell activate
Helper Cytotoxic
T cell T cell
Active and
Plasma Memory Memory Active
memory
cells B cells cytotoxic cytotoxic
helper
T cells T cells
T cells
Secrete antibodies that defend against Defend against infected cells, cancer
pathogens and toxins in extracellular fluid cells, and transplanted tissues
Figure 43.14
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Helper T Cells: A Response to Nearly All Antigens
• Helper T cells produce CD4, a surface protein
– That enhances their binding to class II MHC
molecule–antigen complexes on antigen-
presenting cells
2 3
Humoral
1 CD4 immunity
(secretion of
Dendritic Cytokines antibodies by
B cell
cell plasma cells)
2 Proliferation of the T cell, stimulated 3 The cells in this clone
by cytokines from both the dendritic secrete other cytokines
cell and the T cell itself, gives rise to that help activate B cells
a clone of activated helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.
(not shown), all with receptors for the
same MHC–antigen complex.
Figure 43.15
Target
cell Peptide
antigen Cytotoxic
T cell
Figure 43.16
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
B Cells: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens
• Activation of B cells
– Is aided by cytokines and antigen binding to
helper T cells
Bacterium
Macrophage
Peptide
antigen
Class II B cell
MHC
molecule
2 Secreted antibody
3
1 Clone of plasma cells molecules
TCR CD4 Endoplasmic
reticulum of
plasma cell
Cytokines
IgE
(monomer) Triggers release from mast cells and basophils of
histamine and other chemicals that cause allergic
reactions (see Figure 43.20)
Bacteria Complement
Virus proteins
MAC
Pore
Bacterium Soluble
antigens Foreign cell
Enhances Leads to
• Transplanted tissues
– Are usually destroyed by the recipient’s
immune system
Table 43.1
Granule
Mast cell
Figure 43.20
Figure 43.21
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Other examples of autoimmune diseases
include
– Systemic lupus erythematosus
– Multiple sclerosis
– Insulin-dependent diabetes