Module 1

SOFTWARE
 INTRODUCTION
• Software means a collection of
programs whose objective is to
enhance the capabilities of hardware.

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 TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Divided into two major categories

• System software
• Application software

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 SYSTEM SOFTWARE
• It is any computer software that provides
the infrastructure over which programs can
operate
• It manages and controls computer hardware
so that application software can perform.
• Allows the parts of a computer to work
together. Without the system software the
computer cannot operate as a single unit.

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 System software includes
Operating System
Compilers
Assemblers
Loaders
Linkers
Utility software
BIOS

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 OPERATING SYSTEM
• A program which acts as an interface
between the user and the computer and
provides an environment in which a user
can execute programs.

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 • Almost all computers (including handheld
computers, desktop computers,
supercomputers, video game consoles) as well
as some robots, domestic appliances
(dishwashers, washing machines), and
portable media players use an operating
system of some type.

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 Primary objectives of an OS are
Making a computer system convenient to use.
Managing the resources of a computer system

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 Making a computer system convenient to use

• Hides the details of the hardware resources

from the programmer .
• Provides the programmer with a convenient
interface for using the computer system.
• Act as an intermediary between the h/w and its
users providing a high level interface to low
level hardware resources .

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Managing the resources of a computer system

• Keep track of
 Who is using which resource.
( Memory,Processors
 Peripherals)
 Granting resource requests.
 Mediating conflicting requests from different
programs and users.
Key goal : Efficient sharing of resources

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 Functions of an OS
Process Management
Memory Management
File Management
Security
Command Interpretation

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 Process Management

• Process is a program in execution or an instance

of a program running on a computer.
• Takes care of
 Creation and deletion of processes.
 Scheduling of various system resources to the
different processes
 Providing mechanisms for communication
among processes

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 Memory Management
• How to utilize the memory in an efficient
manner.
• To achieve these
 Process isolation :controlling of one process
that interacts with the data and memory of
other process.
 Memory should be allocated dynamically
based on the priorities of the process
 Support for modular programming

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 File Management

• Takes care of file-related activities such as

organization, storing, retrieval, sharing and
protection of files.

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 Security
• Protects the resources and information of a
computer system against destruction and
unauthorized access.
• Provides the access permission to the users for
important files like read permission, write
permission.
• Regulates the flow of data within the system

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 Command Interpretation

• Users can interact by typing commands

• This part of OS is called a command interpreter
or shell.
• OS takes care of interpreting user commands,
and directing the system resources to handle the
requests.

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 Popular Operating Systems
• DOS - Disk Operating System.
• Windows.
• UNIX
• LINUX

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 DOS
• Stands for Disk Operating System ..
• Developed for IBM PC by Microsoft.
• MS-DOS .
• Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating
system commercialized by Microsoft. It was the most
commonly used member of the DOS family of
operating systems and was the main operating system
for personal computers during the 1980s

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 Windows
• Microsoft Windows is a series of software
operating systems and graphical user interfaces
produced by Microsoft. .
• The Apple Lisa was a personal computer designed
at Apple Computer..
• Inspired by the user interface of Apple Lisa
,Microsoft decided to give DOS a GUI

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 • Windows 1.0 was released on 1985.
• Windows 2.0 was released in October 1987 and
featured several improvements to the user
interface and memory management then
Windows 2.1 was released..
• Windows 3.0 (1990) and Windows 3.1 (1992)
improved the design. Windows 3.1 was
commercially successful.

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 • Windows NT is a family of operating systems
produced by Microsoft, the first version of which
was released in July 1993. It was originally designed
to be a powerful high-level-language-based,
multiprocessing, with features comparable to Unix.

• Windows NT 3.1 1993.

• Windows NT 3.5 1994 .
• Windows NT 3.51. 1995
• Windows NT 4.0. 1996

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 • Windows 95 was released in 1995, featuring a new
user interface
• Windows 98 was released in 1998. Microsoft
released a second version of Windows 98 in 1999,
named Windows 98 Second Edition (often
shortened to Windows 98 SE).
• In 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Me
standing for Millennium Edition.)

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 • Windows 2000 -operating systems produced by
Microsoft for use on business desktops, notebook
computers, and servers. Released on February 17,
2000 ,it was the successor to Windows NT 4.0, and
is the final release of Microsoft Windows to
display the "Windows NT" designation.
• It was succeeded by Windows XP for desktop
systems in October 2001 and
• Windows Server 2003 for servers in April 2003.

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 • Windows Vista 2007
• Windows Server 2008 2008
• Windows 7 2009

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 UNIX
• UNIX was developed in the early 1970s at Bell
Laboratories by Ken Thompson and Dennis
Ritchie .
• Multi-user ,time- sharing operating system
• Since Unix was written in C language moving it to
a new machine was much easier
• It can be used on a wide variety of computers
ranging from notebook computers to super
computers.
• Its wide availability and portability meant that it
was widely adopted, copied and modified by
academic institutions and businesses

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 LINUX
• Linux is an open source operating system
• Originally designed to be used on personal
computers

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 • Linux is predominantly known for its use in
servers, although it is installed on a wide variety
of computer hardware, ranging from embedded
devices and mobile phones to supercomputers
• Linux distributions, installed on both desktop
and laptop computers, have become increasingly
commonplace in recent years
• Partly owing to the popular Ubuntu distribution

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 The name Linux…

• Derived from its inventor Linus Torvalds

• Linus was a student at the University of Helsinki,
Finland in early 1990s when he wrote the first
version of an Unix-like kernel as a toy project.
• He later posted the code on the Internet and asked
programmer's across the world to help him to
build it.
• The result was Linux
• Permits free distribution of the source code

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