 Push Factors

 Deathof bread winner

 Sudden fall in family income
 Permanent inadequacy in income of the family
 Pull Factors
 Women’s desire to evaluate their talent
 To utilize their free time or education
 Need and perception of Women’s Liberation, Equity etc.
 To gain recognition, importance and social status.
 To get economic independence
 Women in organized & unorganized sector
 Women in traditional & modern industries
 Women in urban & rural areas
 Women in large scale and small scale industries.
 Single women and joint venture.
 First Category
 Established in big cities
 Having higher level technical & professional
qualifications
 Non traditional Items
 Sound financial positions
 Second Category
 Established in cities and towns
 Having sufficient education
 Both traditional and non traditional items
 Undertaking women services-kindergarten, crèches,
beauty parlors, health clinic etc.
 Third Category
 Illiteratewomen
 Financially week
 Involved in family business such as Agriculture,
Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Fisheries, Agro
Forestry, Handloom, Powerloom etc.
Frederick Harbison’s five functions of women
entrepreneurs :
1.Exploration of the prospects of starting a new business .
2.Undertaking of risks of handling of economic
uncertainties involved in business.
3. Introduction of innovations or imitation of innovations.
4. Coordination, administration and control.
5.Supervision and leadership.
Categories of the functions:
1.Risk-bearing
2.Organization
3.Innovations.
 Direct & indirect financial support
 Yojna schemes and programmes
 Technological training and awards
 Federations and associations
 Nationalized banks
 State finance corporation
 State industrial development corporation
 District industries centers
 Differential rate schemes
 Mahila Udyug Needhi scheme
 Small Industries Development Bank of India
(SIDBI)
 State Small Industrial Development
Corporations (SSIDCs)
 Nehru Rojgar Yojna
 Jawahar Rojgar Yojna
 TRYSEM (TRAINING OF RURAL YOUTH FOR SELF-
EMPLOYEMENT)
 DWACRA (DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN
RURAL AREAS).
 Stree Shakti Package by SBI
 Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India
 Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and
Development (TREAD)
 National Institute of Small Business Extension Training
(NSIBET)
 Women’s University of Mumbai
 National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs (NAYE)
 India Council of Women Entrepreneurs, New Delhi
 Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA)
 Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Karnataka (AWEK)
 World Association of Women Entrepreneurs (WAWE)
 Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW)
 Earlier there were 3 Ks
 Kitchen
 Kids
 Knitting
 Then came 3 Ps
 Powder
 Pappad
 Pickles
 At present there are 4 Es
 Electricity
 Electronics
 Energy
 Engineering
 Mahila Grih Udyog
7 ladies started in 1959: Lizzat Pappad
 Lakme
 Simon Tata
 Shipping coorporation
 Mrs. Sumati Morarji
 Exports
 Ms. Nina Mehrotra
 Herbal Heritage
 Ms. Shahnaz Hussain
 Balaji films
 Ekta Kapoor
 Naina Lal Kidwai, Investment
Banker
 Fortune magazine listed her as
one of the world’s most
powerful businesswomen in
2003. India Inc recognises her as
one of its most powerful
investment bankers. But Naina
Lal Kidwai, HSBC’s deputy CEO,
can’t be reduced to simple
woman-banker equations; her
professional vision transcends
gender
 Shahnaz Husain, Herbal Beauty
Queen She’s the "Estee Lauder
of India", with even famous
department stores like Galleries
Lafayette in Paris, Harrods and
Selfridges in London and
Bloomingdales in New York
stocking her cosmetics, creams
and lotions.
 Vineeta Bali
 Director, Academic Success Program
 she practiced law as a business litigator
for three years, and then as a
transactional attorney for the Silicon
Valley Law Group for several years. Her
main responsibilities as a transactional
attorney were in the following areas:
mergers and acquisitions, investor
financing and corporate funding,
business formation and corporate
governance, securities compliance for
privately held and public companies.
 Lalita Gupte, Banker
 she’s created a formidable
global presence of what
was once a native
development finance
institution. Account-
holders can now bank at
ICICI branches in UK, the
Far East, West Asia and
Canada. With ICICI since
1971, Gupte was the first
woman to be inducted on
the board in 1984.
 Finance
 Scarcity of raw materials
 Stiff Competition
 Limited mobility
 Family Ties
 Lack of education
 Male-dominated Society
 Low Risk-bearing Ability
Meaning – Entrepreneurship emerging in rural areas.
According to Khadi and Village Industries Commission
(KVIC) “ village industry or rural industry means any
industry located in rural areas where the population
of which does not exceed 10,000 or such figure which
produces any goods or renders any services with or
without use of power and in which the fixed capital
investment per head of an artisan or worker does not
exceed a thousand rupees.
Modified by the government – industry located in rural
area with a population of 20000 and below and an
investment of Rs.3 crores in plant and machinery .
 Mineral based industry
 Forest based industry
 Agro based industry
 Polymer and chemical based industry
 Engineering and non-conventional industry
 Textile Industry
 Service industry
 They being labour intensive, have high potential in
employment generation.
 By providing employment these industries have also high
potential for income generation in rural areas.
 These industries encourage dispersal of economic
activities in the rural areas and thus promote balanced
regional development.
 Development of industries in the rural areas also helps
build up village republics.
 Rural industries also help protect and promote the art
and creativity i.e., the age-old rich heritage of
country.
 Rural industrialisation fosters economic development
in rural areas. This curbs the rural-urban migration, on
the one hand and also lessens the disproportionate
growth in the cities, reduces growth of slums, social
tensions, and atmospheric pollution.
 Rural industries being environment friendly lead to
development without destruction i.e., the most
desideratum of time.
 The industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 emphasized the
“utilization of local resources and the achievement of
local self sufficiency in respect to certain essential
consumer goods” as the most suitable characteristic of
cottage and small industries.

First five-year plan – stressed on the development of

agriculture, industry, infrastructure and social services.
- maximum feasible additional employment opportunities
were created to raise the standard of living of the
people.
 Second Five-Year Plan – they built the basis of
pyramidal structure
- with the formulation of 26 Pilot Industrial
Projects, which were intended to be an exercise in
area development, a spatial dimension was added
to the program.
 Third Five-Year Plan – balanced regional
development.
- Envisaged the development of village and small
industries to provide employment and to increase
the consumer goods and some producer goods.
 Fourth Five-Year – backward development
program was adopted which included
industrial development.
- Agro industries and dispersal of these
industries in backward areas were accepted as
instruments.

 Fifth Five-Year Plan :- Ensured industrial

development in underdeveloped areas acc to
Industrial Policy Statement of 1980.
 District Industries Centers (DIC) – provide
required services under one roof.
 Sixth Five-Year Plan - refined SSI so as to
include those manufacturing and repairing
units as having investment in plant and
machinery upto Rs.20 lakhs and Rs.25 lakhs
for ancillary units.
 Seventh and Eighth Plans – Developed role of
institution in marketing, credit, technology
etc.,
 No:of projects covering food processing,
pottery, leather items, ready made garments
etc., have been taken up by KVIC.
Ninth Five-Year Plan :
1.Small-scale and villa ge industries will be
provided incentives and support to facilitate their
growth and employment. Foreign investment does
not displace such industries.
2.Credit facilities to SSI will be increased.
3.Investment limit for SSI sector will be revised to
Rs.30 crore to take account of inflation and also
to enable this sector the achievement of minimum
economics of scale and upgradation of technology
so as to withstand emerging competition.
4. Technology development and upgradation
in the VSI sector, especially in the case of
SSI, handlooms, powerlooms , coir-
handicrafts , wool etc., will receive special
attention.
5.Special attention will be paid to sericulture
to improve the quality of raw silk by
introducing better silk worm breeding
practices.
 PROBLEMS OF RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP:

1.INADEQUATE FLOW OF CREDIT..

2.USE OF OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY,
MACHINARY AND EQUPMENT.
3.POOR QUALITY STANDARDS.
4.INADEQUATE INFRASTRUSTURAL
FACILITIES.