SHIPPING AND

CUSTOMS
TYPE OF CARGO
Bulk Cargo
Break bulk/ General Cargo
Containerized Cargo
Homogeneus Cargo.
Bulk Cargo
Bulk cargo is a shipping term for items that are shipped loosely and unpackaged as opposed to
being shipped in packages or containers.
An item may be classified as bulk cargo if it is not containerized and easily secured on a vessel.
Items such as oil, grain, or coal are all examples of bulk cargo.
Bulk cargo is classified as either free flowing, a liquid, or a dry item. This type of cargo is typically
dropped or poured as a liquid or solid into a merchant ship, railway car, or tanker truck.
Bulk Cargo
The ships that carry these bulk cargoes
are known as Bulk Carriers, Ore Carriers
or Bulkers and may be classified on the
basis of their  Deadweight (DWT) 
WT refers to the weight that a ship can
safely carry – this includes the weight of
the cargo on board the ship, the crew,
stores, fuel, water, ballast etc.. If the
total weight exceeds the DWT certified
by the ship builder, then the ship could
be in danger of sinking or damage
Bulk Cargo
Bulk carriers have several cargo holds but a single deck and cargoes maybe loaded and carried as
a Single parcel with cargo in all holds for one customer or multiple parcels with cargoes in
different holds for different customers
Bulk Cargo
Bulk Cargo
Since Bulk cargoes are mostly homogeneous, it may require the use of dedicated terminals – like
Richards Bay Coal Terminal in South Africa for the loading and/or discharging (notice the
different size of bulk ships loading)
Bulk Cargo
BULKERS COME IN TWO FLAVOURS
 Gearless – meaning the ship doesn’t have
its own cranes and/or other cargo handling
equipment which means these ships can
only berth at a terminal which has the
required cargo handling equipment.

 Geared – meaning the has its own cranes

and/or other cargo handling equipment
which means these ships can call at any
suitable berth at the port for cargo
operations
Bulk Cargo_Fixture Types
Bulk cargo fixtures can be done either on a spot basis (short term) or on a contract of
affreightment (long term) basis.. Freight rates for bulk vessels are usually charged per Metric Ton
depending on quantity and cargo loaded
Bulk Cargo
Break bulk/ General Cargo
The term BREAK BULK relates to trades where the cargoes are carried in unitized form such as
palletised, bagged, strapped, bundled, drummed and crated like below and also non unitised
general cargo (vehicles, steel etc)
Break bulk / General Cargo

The ships that carry these break bulk

cargoes are known as Break Bulk, Multi-
Purpose or General Cargo vessels and come
in a variety of sizes and types such as Single
Decker, Tween Decker, Box Holds
Break bulk/ General Cargo
Cargo can be loaded under
deck, on deck or between
decks (tween deck)
wjkhich some of the ships
have like shown next :
Break bulk / General Cargo
In a break bulk or multi purpose vessel :
 Cargoes may belong to various customers
 No dedicated berth or terminal required
 Can operate from any free berth

Freight rates for Break Bulk cargoes are worked out on the basis of Freight Ton
or Revenue Ton which means freight is charged on the volume (CBM) or
weight (MT) of the cargo whichever is higher
Break bulk / General Cargo
BREAK BULK SHIPS ALSO COME IN TWO
FLAVOURS
1. Gearless – meaning the ship doesn’t
have its own cranes and/or other cargo
handling equipment which means
these ships can only berth at a terminal
which has the required cargo handling
equipment..
2. Geared – meaning the ship has its own
cranes and/or other cargo handling
equipment which means these ships
can call at any suitable berth at the
port for cargo operations
The various ship types
and a DWT
(Deadweight
tonnage ) vs Value
comparison just so you
can have an
understanding of
where the Bulk and
Break Bulk ships stand
Containerized Cargo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JcHMhtH6_s
Containerized Cargo
Containerized cargo  is a type of general cargo that is shipped as container load units. It is carried by certain
ships, namely container carriers. Since the advent of containerization, the shipping time and expense has
significantly decreased, ultimately increase the growth of international trade. Today, nearly 90% of non-bulk
cargo is transported as containerized cargo..
Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport using intermodal containers (also called shipping
containers and ISO containers) The containers have standarized dimensions. They can be loaded and unloaded,
stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one mode of transport to another—
container ships, rail transport flatcars and semi trailer trucks being opened. The handling system is completely
mechanized so that all handling is done with cranes and special forklift trucks. All containers are numbered and
tracked using computerized systems.
Containerized Cargo
Loading Process of Containerized Cargo
There are two types of container loadings, that is full container load (FCL) and less than container load
(LCL). FCL container shipment has lower freight rates than an equal weight of bulk cargo shipment
because all of the goods in one container is only delivered from one shipper to one consignee.
When the shipment is not large enough to fill the cargo container, the freight forwarder company use
LCL shipment. The container is loaded with goods from different shippers and delivered by ship to
intermediate ports. After that, it is distributed in different railway cars to each consignee. Largest
container ships can carry up to 19,000 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit).
Containerized Cargo
Variety of Containerized Cargo
About 90% of cargo containers in the world are general purpose containers that are used for
cartons, boxes, cases, pallets, drums, and other standard goods. Other than that, there are
refrigerated containers for perishable goods and tank containers for liquid goods. There are
also other containerized cargoes, such as organic products, gases, minerals, heavy machines,
and barrels.
Containerized Cargo
Advantages of containerized cargo shipment are:
Standardization, each container has a unique identification number and complies with ISO
standard. That is why the safety and security of the goods can be assured.
Flexibility. There are different types of containers for particular cargos with unique characteristics.
For example, perishable goods can be stored in temperature-controlled containers and organic
products in ventilated containers.
Costs and Times. Containerized cargo shipment is 20 times less expensive and up to 3 weeks faster
than regular shipment.
Resources. Containerized cargo shipment requires less labor and equipment than conventional
shipment.
Security and Safety. The container can only be opened by the shippers and consignees. It will
reduce the possibility of theft or external damage.
Containerized Cargo
Disadvantages of containerized cargo shipment are:
Huge investment. Although containerized cargo shipment has relatively low expenses, it needs
big capital investment to prepare the necessary infrastructures and equipment.
Extensive space use. Either the container is empty or loaded, it still takes a large amount of
space.
Illicit trade. Some irresponsible individuals may use the container for illicit trade, such as
drugs, weapons, or even illegal immigrations
Homogenous Cargo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3n3RMwVNTU
Hal-hal yang mempengaruhi tarif jasa
pengiriman
1. Ukuran Aktual barang
Berat aktual barang adalah berat dari barang beserta bungkus atau kardusnya, semakin berat sebuah
kemasan barang maka akan semakin tinggi pula biaya pengirimannya.

2. Berdasarkan Dimensi Atau Volumetric

Untuk kiriman besar dan makan tempat, ekspedisi seringkali menerapkan sistem dimensi. Formula
hitungnya :
◦ Kiriman menggunakan kapal laut : panjang x lebar x tinggi: 4.000.
◦ Kiriman pesawat : panjang x lebar x tinggi: 6.000.

Perhitungan bisa menggunakan dua jenis ukuran, yaitu menggunakan ukuran aktual dan ukuran
dimensi. Pihak ekspedisi akan menggunakan hitungan tertinggi ketika menentukan tarif kiriman.
Cara menghitung tarif jasa pengiriman
3. Jenis Barang Kiriman
Untuk kiriman seperti kendaraan bermotor baik mobil maupun motor harga kiriman bukan saja
ditentukan jarak tempat tujuan. Jenis motor atau mobil juga menentukan harga kiriman. Misal
kendaraan dengan CC besar, akan lebih mahal ketimbang kendaraan dengan CC rendah. Demikian pula
dengan kiriman alat berat. Tarif kiriman juga ditentukan berdasarkan harga alat berat dan risiko alat
berat sepanjang perjalanan.

4. Biaya Bongkar Muat

Untuk pengiriman menggunakan kapal laut, pihak ekspedisi juga menambahkan biaya bongkar muat
yang bisa berbeda untuk setiap ekspedisi

5. Asuransi Barang
Pihak ekspedisi kadang juga memberikan asuransi. Yang harus diperhatikan dan dipastikan adalah jika
terjadi kerusakan atas barang berapa besar nilai asuransi yang akan diberikan.
Cara menghitung tarif jasa pengiriman
Cara menghitung Berat dengan metode Volume Metrik
Peraturan tarif Muatan/cargo Angkutan
dalam negeri (menggunakan pesawat)
Prinsip Dasar
 Peraturan tariff Muatan/cargo Angkutan dalam negeri (menggunakan pesawat) adalah
perhitungan tarif antar kota atau satu sektor langsung dengan dasar perhitungan dari satu
lapangan terbang ke lapangan terbang lainnya sesuai dengan jaringan penerbangan domestik.
 Perhitungan tariff barang umum (biasa) untuk pengangkutan suatu kiriman ditetapkan
berdasarkan atas jumlah berat kotor barang tersebut (actual weight) atau berat volume
(volume weight) yaitu berat yang dihitung berdasarkan dimensi dari kiriman tersebut dengan
ketentuan mana yang lebih besar yang akan dikenakan.
Peraturan tariff Muatan/cargo Angkutan
dalam negeri (menggunakan pesawat)
Perhitungan Volume Weight
Peraturan tariff Muatan/cargo Angkutan
dalam negeri (menggunakan pesawat)
Chargeable weight / berat yang dikenakan
·    Apabila hasil perhitungan Actual Weight lebih besar dari volume weight, maka yang
digunakan sebagai dasar penetapan perhitungan harga/tariff adalah actual weight (berat
kotor).
·    Apabila hasil perhitungan volume weight, lebih besar dari actual weight, maka yang
digunakan sebagai dasar penetapan perhitungan harga/tariff adalah volume weight
·     Untuk barang-barang yang berbeda ukuran (consolidation). Perhitungannya adalah total
actual weight semua barang, dibandingkan dengan total volume weight semua barang mana
yang lebih besar adalah yang digunakan.
Perhitungan Tarif Barang Umum
◦ Tarif minimum :
Berat 10 Kg x tariff per kg yang berlaku
◦ Tarif sesuai berat :
Actual/volume weight x tariff  yang berlaku
THANK YOU