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Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WiMAX
Prepared by,
•Deval Naik
•Rohit Kulkarni
•Ashley T
•Tushar Sharma
•Siddharth Sinha
•Sanket Kulkarni

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3G Evolution (source: Nokia)

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IEEE 802.16x Genealogy

• Original fixed wireless broadband air Interface for 10 – 66 GHz, Line-of-sight only, Point-to-Point
applications
802.16
(Dec 2001)
• Extension for 2-11 GHz
• Non-LOS, Point-to-Multi-
802.16c Point applications such as
802.16a “last mile” access & B/H
(2002)
(Jan 2003)
802.16 amendment • Published as 802.16 –
for Line of Sight, 2004, replacing earlier
Point to Point backhaul revisions
using spectrum 802.16d • Fixed & Portable
applications 2 – 6 GHz
between 10 - 66 GHz (Q3 2004) • HIPERMAN compatibility

• Mobility to highway
speeds in licensed bands
from 2-6 GHz
802.16e • Roaming within &
(Q4 2005) between service areas
• WiBRO Compatibility

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Advantages Over Wifi

 Improved Performance
 Much Greater Distances
 Much Better MAC
 NLOS Ability (Non line of sight)

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Usage Areas

 Broadband Internet Access

 Voip , IPTV services

 Cellular Phones

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IEEE 802.16
 IEEE 802.16 (2001)
 Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System MAC and PHY Specifications for
10 – 66 GHZ (LoS)
 One PHY: Single Carrier
 Connection-oriented, TDM/TDMA MAC, QoS, Privacy

 IEEE 802.16a (January 2003)


 Amendment to 802.16, MAC Modifications and Additional PHY Specifications for 2 – 11
GHz (NLoS)
 Three PHYs: OFDM, OFDMA, Single Carrier
 Additional MAC functions: OFDM and OFDMA PHY support, Mesh topology support, ARQ

 IEEE 802.16d (July 2004)


 Combines both IEEE 802.16 and 802.16a
 Some modifications to the MAC and PHY

 IEEE 802.16e (2005)


 Amendment to 802.16-2004
 MAC Modifications for limited mobility
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IEEE 802.16 -- Introduction
Coverage range up to 50km and speeds up to 70Mbps (shared among users)

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Adaptive PHY

Source: Understanding WiMAX and 3G for Portable/Mobile Broadband Wireless, Technical White Paper, Intel.

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High Data
Rate

All IP –
Based
Mobility Network

WiMax Architecture

Feature
QoS
s OFDM
based air
interface

Deployment
flexibility
(System
Profiles)

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Duplex Scheme Support
 The duplex scheme is Usually specified by regulatory
bodies, e.g., FCC
 Time-Division Duplex (TDD)
 Downlink & Uplink time share the same RF channel
 Dynamic asymmetry
 does not transmit & receive simultaneously (low cost)
 Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD)
 Downlink & Uplink on separate RF channels
 Full Duplexing (FDX): can Tx and Rx simultaneously;
 Half-duplexing (HDX) SSs supported (low cost)

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FDD MAPs Time Relevance
DL UL
DL UL MAP MAP
MAP MAP

DOWNLINK

UPLINK

frame

Broadcast Half Duplex Terminal #1

Full Duplex Capable User Half Duplex Terminal #2


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WiMAX Forum
WiMAX Forum Board Denotation Purpose

SPWG Service provider working To influence ongoing


group standardization

AWG Application working group To uniquely enrich the system


application network

NWG Network working group Responsible for everything


beyond the PHY and MAC

TWG Technical working group To provide inter operatibility


between MS’s/SS’s and BS’s

CWG Certification working group Issues related to certification

RWG Regulatory working group To provide globally spectrum

MWG Marketing working group Promotion of WiMAX forum


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WiMAX Network Architecture
ASN V-CSN H-CSN
AAA AAA
BS HA HA

ASN
BS ROUTER ROUTER
-GW

IMS or IMS or
BS similar
DHCP similar DHCP

PST N

Internet
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Access Service Network
 Base Station (BS)
 Place from where signals
are broadcasted
 It cover up to 10 Km, it can
reach up to 50 Km if
geographical area supports

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Access Service Network (Contd.)

 ASN-GW (ASN Gateway)


 Supports connection management
 Mobility across cell sites
 Inter service provider network boundary through
processing of subscriber control and bearer data
traffic
 Serves as the Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP), authenticator for subscriber identity and
acts as radius client to the operator’s AAA servers

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ASN Profiles

ASN Profiles

Profile B Profile C
Profile A Intra-ASN interfaces are not BS is Master Element and
BS is slave of the ASN-GW exposed fully in charge for RRC and
ASN-GW incorporates Any ASN-internal configuration
and communication is fine
handover control server
RRC and Handover control
BS and ASN-GW may be and traffic
Similar to legacy
integrated in a single network concentrator/relay
BSC/RNC element(IBS) function

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Connectivity Service Network

 AAA
 Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
 Home Network Service Provider (H-NSP)
▪ Provides backbone for ISP, most web users uses to
access internet and ISP connects to Internet Exchange
 Session accounting for subscriber sessions

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Connectivity Service Network(Contd.)

 Home Agent
 Provides efficient and scalable mechanism for
mobility within the network
 Provides temporary IP address to visiting client

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Connectivity Service Network(Contd.)

 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)


 Computer networking protocol use by hosts (DHCP
clients) to retrieve IP address assignments and other
configuration information
 Uses client server architecture
▪ Client sends a broadcast request for configuration information
▪ DHCP server receives the request and responds with configuration
information from its configuration database

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Connectivity Service Network(Contd.)

 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)


 Provides the foundation for developing and
delivering rich multimedia services and
applications
 Service Delivery Platforms allow you to expose
application programming interfaces (APIs) for all
network infrastructure components
 Aid the access of multimedia and voice application
i.e., create a form of fixed mobile convergence

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Concept of OFDM

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OFDM(contd.)

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Scaling of WiMAX OFDMA
Available Bandwidth No . Of Subcarriers ∆f T(b)
1.25 MHz 128 10.94 KHz 91.4 µs
3.50 MHz 512 7.81 KHz 128 µs
5.00 MHz 512 10.94 KHz 91.4 µs
7.00 MHz 1024 7.81 KHz 128 µs
8.75 MHz 1024 9.77 KHz 102.4 µs
10.00 MHz 1024 10.94 KHz 91.4 µs
20.00 MHz 2048 10.94 KHZ 91.4 µs

Typically heavily supported bandwidth are 5 MHz, 7MHz and 10 MHz

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Benefits of OFDM

 Frequency of all the subcarrier of must be an


integer multiple of lowest subcarrier
frequency
 Capable of multi carrier transmission
 Supports high speed devices still being
bandwidth efficient
 Adjacent subcarrier must be orthogonal

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OFDM Vs OFDMA
Time Time
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1

Subcarrier Subcarrier

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WiMAX Protocol Stack

EAP Msgs
BS EAP-
MAC-Ctrl ASN-Ctrl XYZ
MAC- Msgs MAC- ASN-Ctrl ASN-Ctrl DlA/Radius DlA/Radius
Msgs
CPS Basic CPS
ClD UDP UDP UDP UDP
Prim Mgmt
IP IP IP IP
ClD
MAC- MAC- Layer-2 Layer-2 Layer-2 Layer-2
SS SS
802.16 802.16 Layer-1 Layer-1 Layer-1 Layer-1

ASN-
R1 R6 GW R3
AAA
MS BS

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MAC Layer of IEEE 802.16e

 Convergence Sublayer

 Interface to upper layers


 Packet Classification
 Payload header Suppression

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MAC Layer of IEEE 802.16e(Contd.)

 Common part Sublayer


 Network entry and initialization
 Media access, sharing and release
 Connection Management
(CIDs, Service flows, QoS control)
 Mobility Management

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MAC Layer of IEEE 802.16e(Contd.)

 Security Sublayer
 Protection from Theft of service
 Data Encryption over the air
 PKMV2 support(EAP tunneling)

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IP address Assignment
IP Address
Assignment

Simple IP Mobile IP

Proxy MIP

Client MIP
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Simple IP Address Assignment

ASN-GW CSN DHCP


SS Server
(DHCP Relay)
DHCP Discover
DHCP Discover

DHCP Offer
DHCP Offer
DHCP Request
DHCP Request
DHCP ACK
DHCP ACK

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Operating Modes

 Normal mode

Power
Consumption

Initial data
transfer

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Operating Modes (Contd.)

 Sleep Mode

Power
Consumption

Initial data
transfer

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Operating Modes (Contd.)

 Idle Mode

Power
Consumption

Initial data
transfer

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WiMAX Traffic Classes

WiMax
Traffic
classes

UGS RT-VR NRT-VR BE ERT-VR

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WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)

 UGS
 Unsolicitated Grant Service
 Fixed rate traffic
 You can’t request new more bandwidth once the
connection is setup

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WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)

 RT-VR
 Real time variable rate service
 Variable rate of traffic allows to change the
allocated burst sizes
 Rescheduling of bandwidth in any frame is
possible

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WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)

 NRT-VR
 Non real time variable rate service
 Reservation of some guaranteed rate is
mandatory
 Delay in sensitive

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WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)

 BE
 Best effort service
 Only the maximum data rate is defined
 Bandwidth depends on the resources in the cell at
a given time

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WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)

 ERT-VR
 Extended real time variable rate service
 According to data rate, rescheduling of the
bandwidth is possible

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QoS parameters
Unsolicited
Grant
Interval
Maximum
Minimum
Traffic
reserved
sustain
traffic rate
traffic rate

Tolerated QoS Maximum


Jitter latency
Profile

Unsolicited
Traffic
polling
priority
interval
Maximum
traffic
burst

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Handover Types

Handover
Types

Hard Soft
Handover Handover

FBSS (Fast
Break Before Make Before
Regular BS
Make Break
Switching)

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Security

 Authentication
 For authentication X.509 certificate at the
subscriber station
 Privacy and Key Management (PKM) provides
service provider authentication
 IEEE 802.16e supports the Extensible
Authentication Protocol (Optional for service
providers)

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Security(Contd.)

 Encryption
 The AES cipher is available, provides strong
support to confidentiality of data traffic
 Management frames are not encrypted

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WiMAX Threats

 Three potential attacks open to adversaries,


 Rogue base station
 DoS attacks
 Man in middle attacks
 Network manipulation with spoofed management
frames

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WiMAX vs Wi-Fi

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The Opportunity in India
 Population: 1.15 Billion people
 India’s Tele-density
- Overall: 31%
 Rural: 8.8%
 Urban: 65%
 Broadband: 0.4%
 Internet: 4%
 500 Million phone connections by
year 2010
 High GDP Growth-8%
 Increased Income of middle class
(300M)
 PC Penetration: 2%

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The Opportunity in India-Growth Pattern
No. of Connections (in Millions)

Growth of Telephone Connections

Wireline Wireless Total Wireline Wireless Total

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08

Jan 2008 -Aug


2008
48
Mobile Tariffs in India -one of the Lowest
0.25
0.23
0.22

0.2 0.19

0.17
0.16

0.15

0.11 0.11 0.11

0.1 0.09
USD

0.05 0.05
0.05 0.04
0.03
0.02

Hong Kong
Philippines

Argentina

Malayasia

Thailand

Pakistan
B elgium

France

C hina
Brazil

Taiwan

India
Italy

UK

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India WiMAX Environment

 Deployment in 3.3-3.4 Ghz band only


 Most of the deployment are of proprietory
technology or 802.16 d version
 BSNL has already deployed WiMAX ‘802.16 d’
version equipment in ten cities
 VSNL,Reliance and few other operators/ISPs have
also deployed WiMAX systems mainly for enterprise
customers

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Challenges

 WiMAX 802.16 e technology is still


evolving.
 High WiMAX CPE cost
 Competitive/Alternate technologies-
3G,HSDPA,LTE, EVDO etc
 Low PC Penetration
 Less-availability of A.C. power in rural
areas

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“Future of eMobility”

Thank You
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