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Ô
 textbook pages 200 to 213

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‡ The 

consists of the Earth¶s
water resources: oceans, lakes, rivers,
streams, groundwater, and glaciers
‡ 97.5% of water on Earth is salt water
‡ Only 2.5% is freshwater!
‡ Fig. 6.26 on p. 201
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 are all the freshwater
resources found on the continents (lakes,
rivers, groundwater)
‡ A  

 is an area of land in which
all inland waters drain into the same larger
body of water (also called catchment area
or drainage basin)
‡ eg: St.Lawrence River watershed
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‡ |  r slope of the land; steep
slopes drain easily and quickly
‡ ·
r type of rock; holes or gaps in
rock vs. compact clay
‡ Î 
r rainfall, winds and temperature
‡ å

 r highly vegetated areas can
slow water flow
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r a dam can prevent water
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‡ Five major oceans
± Pacific Ocean
± Atlantic Ocean
± Arctic Ocean
± Indian Ocean
± Southern Ocean (as of 2000)

** Two important factors when studying oceans

are 

 
and  
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‡ Ocean temperature varies with depth,
season and latitude

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‡ Sunlight warms the top layer of ocean
water which is called the 
 

‡ Below 200m temperature drops quickly;
this zone of rapid temperature change is
called the 


‡ Beneath the thermocline at about 1000m,
water temperatures are uniformly cold at
about 4oC
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‡ Oceans warm slightly in summer and cool
slightly in winter.
‡ The changes in temperature are less
pronounced than on the land because
water loses or gains heat much more
slowly than land.

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‡ Ocean waters are 25oC to 28oC at the
equator and only 12oC to 17oC in the
temperate zones.
‡ They are colder still at extreme northern
and southern latitudes (<10oC).

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‡ Salts dissolved from the lithosphere create
a salty ocean. These salts dissolve as
rivers flow over the ground and empty into
the ocean.
‡ ©  is a measure of the amount of salt
dissolved in a liquid.
‡ Ocean salinity is about 3.4 to 3.7%

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‡ Water in the ocean is in constant motion.
‡ An 

 is the movement of
seawater in a certain direction.
‡ 
  is the combined effect
of all currents that move in oceans.

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‡ Wind driven ocean currents
‡ Push the top 400m of water
‡ eg: The Gulf Stream current
‡ See map diagram on p. 204-205 of
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‡ Occur at depths of more than 800m
‡ Due to variations in density between
layers of water
‡ Cold water is more dense and tends to
sink
‡ High salinity water is also more dense and
sinks below less saline water

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‡ The combined effect of surface and
subsurface currents is termed

 
 
‡ Results in water being moved all around
the globe
‡ Accounts for major transfers of heat
‡ Dramatically affects global weather
patterns
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‡ The 

is all the frozen water on
the surface of the earth (pack ice, glaciers,
frozen lakes, permafrost).

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‡ Composed of the ice floating on the
oceans near the North and South poles
‡ Extent of pack ice changes with seasons
‡ Due to the effect of global warming the
extent of pack ice is shrinking

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‡ A  
 is a mass of ice on land, formed by
compressed snow
‡ Contain 79% of world¶s freshwater
‡ Largest glaciers are at the poles (eg: Greenland
icecap), but some smaller glaciers exist in
mountain ranges (eg: in BC and Alberta)
‡ Glaciers are also melting at a fast rate due to
global warming
‡ The melting of glaciers and pack ice may lead to
a rise in sea level and consequent flooding of
low lying lands (eg: Florida)
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r energy derived from
moving water
‡ Three main sources of hydraulic energy:
rivers, waves and ocean currents

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‡ Convert a river¶s hydraulic energy into electrical
power
‡ Quebec derives almost all of its electricity from
hydro dams
‡ Water flowing through the dam¶s turbine creates
electricity which is then distributed to cities and
factories.
‡ Produce little greenhouse gases, but cause
large areas of flooding upstream of the dam
‡ This flooding, in turn, can release toxic mercury
into the environment
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‡ Buoys that rise and fall with the waves can
be attached to turbines to create electrical
energy
‡ Underwater turbines can harness ocean
current energy much the same way a
windmill operates
‡ Most of these ideas are still in the
prototype stage
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‡ Î
  r metals, mercury,
PCB¶s, mine drainage
‡ |
  r heat discharge from
factories can decrease oxygen content
and lead to fish kills
‡  r 6 million tonnes per year
‡ A r north Pacific Gyre an ocean
³garbage dump´
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‡ Farming activities add excess fertilizers to rivers
and lakes (mostly phosphorus and nitrogen).
‡ These excess fertilizers can stimulate algae
growth.
‡ Excess algae growth can then lead to algae
blooms, toxins being produced, reduced oxygen
levels, fish kills and green scum forming on
lakes.
‡ This whole process is called
  
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‡ Answer questions 20 to 36 on pages 215-
216.
‡ Use your notes and refer to pages 200 to
213 in Ô
 to guide you in your
answers.

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