Basic components of computer and

their interconnection

E N G R . J O K H I O S U LTA N S A L A H U D D I N K O H I S TA N I
E.B (CS), E.M (IT), CCNA, JNCIA-EX
LECTURER
D E PA R T M E N T O F C O M P U T E R S Y S T E M S
ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &
T E C H N O L O G Y, J A M S H O R O , S I N D H , PA K I S TA N .
 Basic components of a computer system
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Input device
 (Keyboard-Mouse)
Processing device
 (Microprocessor)
Output device
 (Monitor-Printer)

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 Input Devices
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Devices or components through which we input the data.

Most basic input device is Keyboard.

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 Keyboard
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Type-Writer style input device.

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 Pressing a key
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 Keyboards
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 Keyboard
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Its design came from typewriters that did not use

electricity.
A person can type a document, access menus, play games
and perform variety of other tasks.
Keys, called Keycaps are of the different size and shape,
which vary from keyboard to keyboard.
Keys are also placed at the similar distance from one
another in a similar pattern.

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 Keyboard Layout
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An standard computer keyboard has about 100 keys (101,

102, 110).
Most keyboards use the QWERTY layout, named for
the first six keys in the top row of letters.

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 Keyboard layout
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Arranged in Five Groups of keys

Alphanumeric keys
Numeric Keypad
Function keys
Modifier keys
Cursor-movement keys

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 ACADEMIC RECORDS
Password * * * * *
ENTER Invalid Password
 How keyboard works
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A keyboard is a lot like a miniature computer.

It has its own processor and circuitry that carries
information to and from that processor.
When your press a key:
 The keyboard controller detects the keystroke.
 The controller places a scan code in the keyboard buffer,
indicating which key was pressed.
 The keyboard sends the computer an interrupt request, telling the
CPU to accept the keystroke.

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 Mouse
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The mouse is a pointing device. You use it to move a

graphical pointer on the screen.
The mouse can be used to issue commands, draw, and
perform other types of input tasks.
Five techniques
 Pointing; Move the mouse to move the on-screen pointer.
 Clicking; Press and release the left mouse button once.
 Double-clicking; Press and release the left mouse button twice.
 Dragging; Hold down the left mouse button as you move the pointer.
 Right-clicking; Press and release the right mouse button.

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 Mouse Working
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Two methods for detecting motion

Mechanical
 Ball on underside of mouse turns as mouse is moved
 Rotates orthogonal potentiometers
 Can be used on almost any flat surface
Optical
 light emitting diode on underside of mouse
 may use special grid-like pad or just on desk
 less susceptible to dust and dirt
 detects fluctuating alterations in reflected light intensity to calculate
relative motion in (x, z) plane

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 Inside a (Mechanical) Mouse & Working
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1. Switch detects clicks of left mouse button.

2. Switch for middle button.
3. Switch for right button.
4. Old-style connection to PS/2 socket on computer.
5. Chip turns back-and-forth (analog) mouse movements into numeric (digital)
signals computer can understand.
6. X-axis wheel turns when you move mouse left and right.
7. Y-axis wheel turns when you move mouse up and down.
8. Heavy rubber wheel.
9. Spring presses rubber ball firmly against X- and Y-axis wheels so they
register movements properly.
10. Electrolytic capacitor
11. Resistors.

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 Inside a (Mechanical) Mouse
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 Inside an (Optical) Mouse and Working
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1. An LED at the back generates red light and shines it

horizontally, from the back of the mouse toward the
front (from the left to the right of this photo).
2. A plastic prism bends (refracts) the light from the LED
at an angle, down onto the desk.
3. A light-detector chip measures light reflected back up
from the desk, converting the analog movements of your
hand into digital signals that can be sent to your
computer.

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 Inside an (Optical) Mouse and Working
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4. The scroll wheel at the front of the mouse is mounted on a switch

mechanism that detects both how much it's rotated and whether you've
pressed it (it functions like the central button of a conventional
mouse). Rotations of the scroll wheel can be detected in a variety of
different ways. Some mice use potentiometers (broadly,
variable resistors), similar to the volume control on a radio but able to
turn around multiple times. Others use various kinds of rotary switches
or optical (rotary) encoders to convert analog wheel movements to
digital signals.
5. A micro-switch detects when you press the right mouse button. There's
an identical switch on the other side to detect the left mouse button.
6. The USB cable connection carries digital information from the mouse
to your computer.

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 Inside an Optical Mouse
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 Connecting Mouse and keyboard
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PS/2
(Personal System 2)
or DIN Connector

Connecting
Mouse through
the PS/2 port
Can be
connected with
USB, if available.

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 Other input devices
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Scanners are also input device, which can convert analog

data (Images, documents) into digital data.
Three types
 Flat bed
 Hand Held
 Sheet Fed

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 Some more input devices
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Track Balls, Track Pads.

Light Pen (Stylus)
Microphone
Camera
Remote controls
Bar code readers
Game controllers (Joy pads, joysticks)…

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 Output Devices
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Basic output device, these days, is Monitor or Visual

Display unit (VDU).
Monitors may be colored or monochromic.
Monitors come in different form factors, like;
 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
 LED (Light Emitting Di-ode)
 OLED (Organic LED)
 TFT (Thin film transistor)

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 CRT Monitor
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 Looking inside a CRT Monitor
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http://images.bit-tech.net/content_images/2006/03/how_crt_and_lcd_monitors_work/crt.jpg
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 CRT Monitors
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CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube, and is descriptive of the

technology inside that chunky monitor (having big back) you
might have on your desk.
CRTs receive their picture through an analogue cable, and that
signal is decoded by the display controller, which handles the
internal components of the monitor - think of it as the mini-
CPU for the monitor.
CRTs have a distinctive funnel shape. At the very back of a
monitor is an electron gun. The electron gun fires electrons
towards the front through a vacuum which exists in the tube of
the monitor. The gun can also be referred to as a cathode -
hence the electrons fired forward are called Cathode Rays.
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 CRT Monitors
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These rays correspond to the red, green and blue channels of the
display and video card.
At the neck of the funnel-shaped monitor is an anode, which is
magnetized according to instructions from the display
controller. As electrons pass the anode, they are shunted or
pulled in one direction or the other depending on how magnetic
the anode is at that time. This moves the electrons towards the
correct part of the screen.
Some CRT monitors use a single electron gun at the rear of the
monitor to produce the electrons that will become the red, green
and blue electron rays. However, higher quality monitors have
an individual gun for each, which can increase picture quality.
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 CRT Monitors
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The electrons pass through a mesh, and this mesh defines

the individual pixels and resolution on the screen.
Electrons that pass through the mesh then hit the
phosphor coating which is on the inside of the glass
screen. When the particles hit the phosphor, they
immediately light up - causing the light to shine through
the front of the monitor, thus making up the picture on the
screen. There are three differently colored phosphorus for
each pixel (known as phosphor triads), and depending on
which phosphor the electron hits, that's which color the
pixel will light up.
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 Screen Terminologies
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Screen size measured as a diagonal line across the

screen – from corner to opposite corner.
Resolution the number of pixels displayed on the screen
(the higher the resolution, the closer together the dots)
Pixels (or picture element) dots that make up the image
on your screen.
Dot pitch is the distance between the centers of a pair of
like-colored pixels.
Refresh rate the speed with which a monitor redraws
the image of the screen, and is measured in hertz.

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 Pixel and Dot pitch
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http://images.bit-tech.net/content_images/2006/03/how_crt_and_lcd_monitors_work/pitch.jpg

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 Video Graphics Array (VGA) Cable
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Cable that connects the Monitor with CPU.

Also known as D-SUB connector.

http://www.photo-dictionary.com/photofiles/list/2882/11394monitor_cable.jpg
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