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RESEARCH DESIGN

DR G K KALKOTI

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MEANING

RD is the ground plan for


conducting the research.
It provides guidelines to the
researcher to help him to keep track
of his actions and to know that he is
moving in the right direction.

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MEANING
RD should contain answers to the following
questions
What the study is about?
Why the study is undertaken?
What are the types of data required?
Where the data can be found?
What techniques should be adopted to
analyse the data?
Where (Geographical and subject matter)
the study should be undertaken?

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DEFINITIONS
“It specifies the objectives of the study; the
methodologies and techniques to be adopted for
achieving the objectives.” - Philips Bernard

“Research design actually constitutes the blue-prints


for the collection, measurement and analysis of the
data” – David and Nachmias

“Research Design is the plan, structure, strategy and


means of investigation conceived so as to obtain
answers of research questions. It is a plan or an overall
scheme or a programme of research” - John. W. Best

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DEFINITIONS
Research design involves two things:
A strategy for data collection
A coordinated strategy for data analysis and
interpretation designed to answer research questions

Components of Research Design


Information needed
Data collection methods
Measurement and scaling procedures
Sampling process and sample size
Data analysis procedures

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NEED AND IMPORTANCE

1.It provides guidelines


2.Facilitates organisation of
resources
3.Timely execution of research
work
4.Facilitates collection of relevant
data

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NEED AND IMPORTANCE

5.Monitoring expenses
6.Provides direction to field
staff
7.Selection of methods and
techniques
8.Achievement of research
objectives

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ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD RD

1.Focus on research objectives


2.Simplicity
3.Suitability to fulfill research
objectives
4.Flexibility
5.Acceptability

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ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD RD

6.Pilot study
7.Cost effective
8.Easy to implement
9.Training to the field staff
10.Selection of right
techniques and methods

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TYPES OF A RESEARCH DESIGN

Exploratory

Descriptive

Causal

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TYPES OF A RESEARCH DESIGN
 Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is unstructured, informal research
undertaken to gain background information about the
general nature of the research problem.
Purpose of exploratory research:
A. Formulating a problem for more precise investigation and
for developing hypotheses
B. Gathering information about the practical problems of
carrying out researches on particular statements
C. Increasing the analyst’s familiarity with the problem
D. Literature search

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TYPES OF A RESEARCH DESIGN

 Descriptive Research
Descriptive research provides answers to the questions of:
Who, What, Where, When, How
Purpose of descriptive research :
A. Describe the characteristics of certain groups / samples /
populations.
B. Estimate proportions in specified populations.
C. Descriptive research often follows exploratory research to
describe the particularities of the properties identified during in
the exploratory step.
D. Data collection often done through structured interviews or
questionnaires

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TYPES OF A RESEARCH DESIGN

 Causal Research
Causality may be thought of as understanding a
phenomenon in terms of conditional statements of the
form “If x, then y.”
Four conditions before we can attest causality:
A Co-variation : It must be demonstrated that the causal
variable occurs with the caused variable and that the two
variables have an orderly relationship (for example, as
price goes down, sales go up).

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TYPES OF A RESEARCH DESIGN

B. Time Sequence: It must be demonstrated that the causal variable


changed prior to or simultaneous with observed changes in the caused variable
(for example, prices were lowered on Monday, and sales go up for Monday and
all other days when prices were lower).
C. Systematic Elimination: It must be demonstrated that all other
possible causal variables are eliminated from candidacy (for example, if an
advertising campaign began on the day we lowered prices, we could not
eliminate the ad campaign as a cause of sales going up).
D. Experimental Design: It must be demonstrated that a valid experiment
has been conducted in order to state that the variable is unequivocally causal
(for example, a formal market test would be designed and conducted in order to
determine the effect of a price reduction on sales).

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CHOOSING THE RIGHT
RESEARCH DESIGN
Design type depends on research question:

 Use exploratory design : Discovery or clarification


 Use descriptive design : Description of quantities, amounts,

or extent of variable relations


 Use causal design : Statements on cause and
effect

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STEPS IN RD

1. Defining research problem


a) Identifying the problem
b) Selection of area
c) Analysis of situation
d) Specification of information needs
2. Estimate the cost of information
3. Select the sources of data collection
4. Select the measurement techniques
a) Questionnaire
b) Observation
c) Interviews

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STEPS IN RD

5. Select the sample


6. Select the methods of analysis
a) Tabulation
b) Classification
c) Coding
d) Interpretations
7. Finalisation of systematic scheme

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