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Use of Systems Techniques in Systems
Development
• What are the three phases of a systems
development project?
1 Systems analysis
2 Systems design
3 Systems implementation
Systems Analysis
• Systems analysis involves collecting and organizing facts.
• Systems techniques assist the analyst in performing these
tasks.
• What are some of these techniques?
– matrix techniques
– logical data flow diagrams
Systems Implementation
• Systems implementation involves the actual carrying out of
the design plan.
• Documentation is one of the most important parts of systems
implementation.
• What systems techniques serve as a documentation tool?
– program flowcharts
– decision tables
Systems Techniques
• What is a flowchart?
• A flowchart is a symbolic diagram that shows the data
flow and sequence of operations in a system.
• Flowcharts are probably the most common systems
technique.
Basic Symbols
Input/Output
Process
Flowline
Annotation
Specialized Input/Output Symbols
On-Line Storage
Magnetic Disk
Magnetic Tape
Specialized Input/Output Symbols
Document Communication
Link
Manual Input
Off-Line Storage
Display
Specialized Process Symbols
Auxiliary
Decision Operation
Predefined
Process Merge
Preparation Extract
Collate
Manual
Operation Sort
Additional Symbols
Connector
Terminal
Parallel Mode
Symbol Use in Flowcharting
• Symbols are used in a flowchart to represent the
functions of an information or other type of system.
• Normal direction of flow is from left to right and top to
bottom.
• Open arrowheads should be used on reverse-direction
flowlines
Symbol Use in Flowcharting
Normal Direction of Flow
Review
Review
Invoice
Invoice and
and
Approve
Approve
Approved
Approved
Invoice
Invoice
Symbol Use in Flowcharting
Reverse Flow Shown with Arrowheads
Approved
Approved Review
Review
and
and Invoice
Invoice
Invoice
Invoice
Approve
Approve
Symbol Use in Flowcharting
Use of Connector Symbol
Stores Purchasing
Requisition
Requisition A
Requisition
Requisition
A
Symbol Use in Flowcharting
Bidirectional Flow Shown with Arrowheads
Requisition
Requisition
Prepare Purchase
Vendor
Vendor
Order and Update
Vendor Files Files
Files
Purchase
Purchase
Order
Order
Learning Objective
Define common systems techniques, such as
HIPO charts, systems flowcharts, and logical
data flow diagrams.
IPO and HIPO Charts
• These charts are used primarily by systems development
personnel.
• At the most general level of analysis only the basic input-
process-output relations in a system are of concern.
• Additional processing detail is provided by hierarchy
plus input-process-output.
IPO Chart
System: Payroll
Author: Mr. Foxx Description: Calculate
Chart Number: 3.1 Gross Pay Date: 6/9/0X
Input Process Output
Terminator
Data Store
Data Flow Diagram
Process
Process
Timekeeping
Timekeeping Payroll
Payroll Employees
Employees
Data
Data
Payroll Data
Data Flow Diagram
Current Status Employee Data
Verify
Verify
Payroll Payroll Data Valid
Timekeeping Payroll
Timekeeping Data Data
Data
P1
P1
Prepare
Prepare
Select
Select Purchase
Bid Purchase
Bid Order
Order
Purchase
Purchase Purchase
Purchase
Order
Order Order
Order
Document Flowchart
Controller Vice President Manufacturing
Accounts Payable Purchasing Agent Receiving Stores
Purchase
Purchase Purchase
Purchase
Purchase
Purchase Requisition
Requisition Requisition
Requisition
Requisition
Requisition 11 11
22 Purchase
Purchase 2
Purchase
Purchase Order
Order
To Vendor Order 33
Order
Purchase
Purchase 11 Purchase
Purchase
2
Order
Order 34 Order
Order
55 5 44
Forms Distribution Chart
Purchasing Inventory Payables Production Accounting
Purchase
Order Copy
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3
4 4
5