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A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor *
Components of Attitudes
A) Affective (Emotional)
B) Behavioral
C) Cognitive (Thinking)
Process
Stimuli Attitude Evaluation
Observable
Inferred
Observable Cognition
Stimuli
Attitude
Affect Behavior
What
Message Variables Examples: Single personal example versus factual Fear appeals One-sided versus two-sided arguments Repetition
To Whom
Audience Variables Examples: Knowledge Personality (e.g., self-esteem) Pre-existing attitudes Gender
versus
(Against fluoride)
Factual approach Which approach would be the most effective? Emotional approach
Factual approach
Emotional approach
Give audience additional information on how to deal with their fear (e.g., where to go, when, why)
Perception of control
B) Short-term effects
Leon Festinger
Attitude
Creation of dissonance
Earthquakes in India
Some Options
1) Change behavior (e.g., Throw pack away)
2) Change cognitions (e.g., Smoking isnt all that bad; I dont really smoke that much)
Which group rated the task as more interesting after lying, those paid $1 or $20? Key is lack of sufficient external justification for ones behavior
TOY STUDY
Children rate desirability of toys Told not to play with the most desirable toy
MILD THREAT
SEVERE THREAT
Children did not play with the desired toy Children rate the desirability of the toys a 2nd time after not playing with the desired Which group viewed the desirable toy most attractive?
SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY
DARYL BEM
Internal States (e.g., So-called private stimuli, physiological) Gross evaluation (e.g., I feel happy; I feel sad Use of external social cues for precise discriminations (e.g., other peoples behavior or ones own actions, statements, thoughts)
Attitudes formed
SELF-PERCEPTION STUDY
WEAK
STRONG
Those with weak initial environmental attitudes had their attitudes affected by their responses to the behavior questionnaire
Extraneous events
Accessibility
Ability (IQ, knowledge base, distracters, message complexity) Motivation (e.g., personal relevance)
~ ELM Detail ~
Motivation to Process? (e.g., relevance, need for cognition, responsibility
Yes Ability to Process? (e.g., knowledge, distractions, message comprehensibility) Yes
Message
No Peripheral Cues Present in Message? (e.g., attractive source, emotional content) Yes Peripheral Processing
Cognitive Structure Change (e.g., new thoughts stored in memory) Central positive attitude change Central negative attitude change Relatively permanent attitudes, More predictive of behavior
Status of Presenter
Low Relevance
Low High
High Relevance
Low High
Normative Beliefs (beliefs about the expectations of other people and the motivation to comply with these expectations)
Subjective norms (beliefs about how other people will view a behavior; social pressure)
Behavioral Intention
Behavior
Control Beliefs (beliefs about the existence of factors that may help or hinder the performance of a behavior and the perceived power of these factors)
Perceived behavioral control (ease with which people believe they can perform the behavior)
Normative Beliefs (beliefs about the expectations of other people and the motivation to comply with these expectations)
My close friends believe that I should __________________________________ I should not take birth control pills. On average, I really care what my close friends thinks I should do. Not at all _________________________________ Very much
Control Beliefs (beliefs about the existence of factors that may help or hinder the performance of a behavior and the perceived power of these factors)
I forget to do some very important activities. Very rarely _______________________________ Very often My forgetfulness would make it very difficult for me to remember to take birth control pills Definitely not true _______________________ Definitely true
Attitude toward the behavior (the specific attitude toward a behavior, favorable or unfavorable)
For me, taking birth control pills regularly is: Extremely valuable_______________________ Worthless
Subjective norms (beliefs about how other people will view a behavior; social pressure)
Most of my close friends are using birth control pills Definitely untrue _______________________ Definitely true
Perceived behavioral control (ease with which people believe they can perform the behavior)
For me to be able to take a birth control pill on a regular basis would be: Impossible ___________________ Possible
Behavioral Intention
Definitely not true ______________________ Definitely true I will make every effort to take birth control pills regularly Definitely not true ______________________ Definitely true Behavior