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The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by a same nonzero number does not effect the ratio, however addition & subtraction changes the ratio. The equality of two ratios is called PROPORTION, that is a : b= c : d, we write a : b :: c : d In a proportion, first & fourth terms are known as EXTREMES, while second & third terms are known as MEANS. Products of means = Products of Extremes
If we have 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
a c ! , then : b d ALTERNENDO INVERTENDO called COMPONENDO called DIVIDENDO called COMPONENDO & DIVIDENDO
a b is called ! c d b d is called ! a c ab cd is ! b d ab cd is ! b d ab cd is ! ab cd
Fourth proportion : If a : b ! c : d , then ' d ' is called the forth proportion to a, b, c. Third proportion :The third proportion to a, b is the fourth proportion to a, b, b. Mean proportion : Mean proportional between ' a ' & ' b' is ab Compounded Ratio :The compounded ratio of the ratios ( a : b), (c : d ) & (e : f ) is ( ace : bdf )
" a 2 : b 2 is called the duplicate ratio of a : b " a : b is called sub duplicate ratio of a : b " a 3 : b 3 is called triplicate ratio of a : b " a1/ 3 : b1/ 3 is sub triplicate ratio of a : b
MIXTURES OR ALLIGATION
ALLIGATION: It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture at a given price. Mean Price: The cost price of a unit quantity of the mixture is called mean price. Mean price is always less than the dear price and is always more than the cheap price. Price of water is always taken as zero.
RULE OF ALLIGATION:
. of a unit quantity of cheaper ( c ) ean price ( ) (d ) ( c) . . of a unit quantity of dearer ( d )
( . . of dearer ) ( ean price ) Quantity of cheaper ! ( ean price ) ( . . of cheaper ) Quantity of dearer ( heaper quantity ) : ( earer quantity ) ! ( d ) :( c)
Consider a vessel containing a liters of liquid l1. From this if b liters is taken out and replaced with other liquid l2. And this process is repeated n-times, then, after n-operations
l1 left in vessel after nth operation Whole quantity of liquid in the vessel
a b ! a
l 2 left in vessel
after
nth operation
ab a ! n a b 1 a
When x1 quantity of Mixture A of cost C1 is mixed with x2 quantity of Mixture B of cost C2, then the cost of new mixture is:
C1 x1 C2 x2 Cm ! x1 x2
When two mixtures M1 & M2, each containing ingredients A & B in the ratio a : b and x : y are mixed to form a new mixture, then the proportion of the ingredients A & B, i.e. qa & qb in the resultant mixture is:
x a M1 M2 x y qa a b ! qb y b M1 2 x y a b
or
x qa x y q q QM1 a b ! QM2 qa a q q a b a b