Feeds & Feeding of ruminants

Ruminant Digestive system

Different from human
Stomach is of 4 compartments

Chewing the Cud Animal regurgitates large ball of food which were earlier swallowed Fermentation by microbes in rumen is important for feed utilization Can digest high fiber containing feed (roughage), Important to feed the microbes first for better digestion and production in ruminants Need bypass nutrients when microbes are not able to provide enough nutrients for production

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Part of ration of ruminants

Feed ingredients
Roughages
Dry Green
Maize

Concentrate
Energy
Bajra Cotton seed cake Sorghum Wheat SBM

Protein

Fat
Rice polish

Tur Chunni

Supplements and Additives

Minerals Vitamins Antibiotics

Compound feed Complete feed

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Compound feed of ruminants

Balanced nutrient source
Agro by products Balanced feed

Polarized source of Protein, fiber and fat

Balanced source of Protein, Energy, fat, Vitamins, Micro & macro minerals,

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Value comparison of commonly used ingredients

Ingredients Crude Protein Fat Energy Crude fiber Minerals Digestibility Cost Rs/kg

Cotton seed cake

High

GNC

Maize

Rice Polish

DORB

Balanced Feed

Medium Low

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18

11

10

10

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BIS Feed Specifications

Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Characteristic Moisture, percent by mass, Max. Crude protein (N x 6.25), percent by mass, Min. Crude fat, percent by mass, Min. Crude fibre, percent by mass, Max. Acid insoluble ash, percent by mass, Max. Salt (as NaCl), per cent by mass, Max. Calcium (as Ca) per cent by mass, Min. Total phosphorus, per cent by mass, Min. Available phosphorus, per cent by mass, Min. Urea, per cent by mass, Max. Calcite powder, per cent by mass, Max. Vitamin A, I.U./kg, Min. Vitamin D3, I.U./kg, Min. Vitamin E, I.U./kg, Min. Aflatoxin B1 (ppb), Max. Requirement *Type-1 11 22 4.0 10 3.0 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.25 1.0 1.0 7000 1200 30 50 *Type-2 11 20 2.5 12 4.0 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.25 1.0 1.0 7000 1200 30 50

*As per BIS specifications 2009

Protein
Importance
 Provides
 Supply of amino acids to the small intestine  Nitrogen for microbial growth

Benefit to the animal

Essential for health and immunity Maintain the milk production & SnF

If not enough
Less availability of amino acids from feed May limit fiber digestion and microbial growth Less milk production in animals taking the feed

If too much
Will contribute to increased ration cost More nitrogen wasted in urine & dung In longer run may lead reproduction problems

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Fat
Importance
 Provides important fatty acids essential for production & health  Important source of energy in the ration

Benefit to the animal

Concentrated source of energy in the ration Essential to maintain the milk fat % & production

If not enough
May limit milk & milk fat % Feed pellets may not have shine More friction to the dye

If too much
May limit fiber digestion, free fat is toxic to microbes in rumen By-pass fat should be included to provide fat above 2.5%

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Moisture
Importance
 Preserving the nutrients in feed  Penetration of heat for better cooking during conditioning

Benefit to the animal

In ration Important for digestion of nutrients Essential to maintain milk volume In compound feed Digestibility & palatability of feed If too much In ration - may limit total feed intake In compound feed Reduce shelf life of feed due to mold formation Soft pellets which break easily
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If not enough In ration - may reduce milk volume In compound feed Brittle & hard pellets More loss due to dusting & fines

Feeding of Dairy Cattle

By Conventional method By Thumb rule method By Scientific feeding methods

1. Feeding by conventional methods

Common feeding practices in India

Grazing + Water (without concentrate) Dry roughages + little concentrate + water Green fodders + little concentrate + water

  

Dry roughages + green fodders + water + without conc. Adequate roughages + very less concentrate by experience Adequate roughages + adequate concentrate/ extra conc.

2. Thumb rule method

Dry matter requirement (per day)

 Cattle  Buffalo : 2 - 2.5 kg Dry matter / 100 kg B. Wt : 2.5 - 3.0 kg Dry matter / 100 kg B. Wt

Criteria for feed formulation

Body weight Milk Yield Dry matter Intake : 400 Kg : 10 Liter : 2 - 3 Kg Per 100Kg BW i.e. 8 - 12 Kg for 400 Kg BW

2. Thumb rule method

Total Dry Matter (10kg)

2/3rd Roughage (4 -5kg)

1/3rd Concentrate (3 4 kg)

2/3rd Dry Roughage (Straw) 90%DM 10%Water 3.5 - 4.5 kg Straw

1/3rd Green Roughage (Grass) 90% Water 10% DM 20 30 kg Green

2. Thumb rule method Guidelines for feeding in Indian condition Straw Maintenance Lactation 4 kg 4 kg 4 kg Concentrate 1.25 kg 1.25 kg + 1 kg extra per 2 to 2.5 kg of milk 1.25 kg + 1.25 kg for pregnancy maintenance

Pregnancy

2. Thumb rule method

Ration based on utility

Maintenance: To maintain essential body function Production: Additional allowance for milk production over and above maintenance Typical ration for maintenance Straw : 4 - 6 kg Conc. : 1 - 1.5kg Typical ration for production Straw: 3.5 - 4.5 kg Green: 20 - 30 kg Concentrate: 3 - 4 kg In general 0.5 kg of concentrate for every 1 liter of milk

3. Scientific feeding of dairy cattle

Feeding of animals lactating animals

Based on the calculated requirement of the animals based on feeding standards.
Requirements Maintenance (400kgB.wt) Production(15kg) 4.5%fat Total 14
DM (kg) CP (kg) DCP (kg) TDN (kg)

0.36

0.25

3.10

1.07 1.43

0.75 1.00

5.32 8.42

3. Scientific feeding of dairy cattle

Feeding regimen
Kg Non leguminous Leguminous Wheat/paddy straw Concentrate (CP-20, DCP-16, TDN-72) Total 25 15 2.2 4.4 DM 5.0 3.0 2.0 4.0 14 CP 1.35 0.45 0.07 0.80 2.67 DCP 0.2 0.36 --0.64 1.20 TDN 3.25 1.95 0.80 2.88 8.88

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