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Mechanical Engg.

Science
CHAPTER 2

Machine Tools

Introduction
Machine tools may be defined as a power driven machine which accomplishes the cutting or machining operations in it. For example : * Lathe * Milling machine * Grinding machine * Drilling machine * Planning machine

Lathe
A lathe is a machine tool employed generally to produce circular objects. Also called the mother of all the machine tools. Depending on their characteristic functions, lathes are classified as : * Engine lathe * Speed lathe * Turret lathe * Capstans lathe * Automatic lathe * Computer Numerically Controlled ( CNC ) lathe

Principle of Working
A lathe, basically a tuning machine works on the principle that a cutting tool can remove a material in the form of chips from the rotating work pieces to produce circular objects. A lathe holds the work pieces rigidly & rotates them at high speeds while a cutting tool is moved against it. The material of the tool will be harder & stronger than the material of the work piece.

Lathe Specifications
1. The size of the lathe is specified by the following : Maximum diameter of the work piece that can be revolved over the lathe bed or the height of the centers above the lathe bed. Both of them are loosely called as Swing of the lathe Maximum diameter & the width of the work piece that can swing when the lathe has a gap bed. Maximum length of the work piece that can be mounted between the centers. Overall length of the bed. It is the total length of the lathe itself.

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Lathe Operations
The important operations performed on a lathe are * Turning Plain Turning Shoulder ( step ) Turning * Taper turning * Thread cutting * Knurling * Facing * Forming * Charming * Parting off

Cont

Other operations performed on lathe are : * Boring * Drilling * Milling * Grinding

Centering
Centering is a operation of producing conical holes in the work piece in order to provide bearing surfaces for lathe centers.

Turning
Plain Turning ( cylindrical or straight ) : This operation produces cylindrical surface by removing excess material from the work piece. The 2 types of Plain Turning are Rough Turning Finish Turning Shoulder or Step Turning : When a work piece of different diameter is turned, the surface forming the stem from one diameter to the other is called as the shoulder.

Taper Turning
Taper turning is the operation of producing conical surfaces by gradual reduction in the diameter from a cylindrical work piece. A taper is a uniform increase or decrease in the diameter of a work piece measured along its length.

Chamfering
Chamfering is the operation of beveling the extreme end of a work piece to remove burns, to protect the end of a work piece from damage & to have a better look.

Thread Cutting
Thread cutting is the process of producing helical groove on a cylindrical or conical surface by feeding the tool longitudinally when the job is revolved in between the centers or by chuck.

Facing

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