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The terms slow and fast fading refer to the rate at which the magnitude and phase change imposed by the channel on the signal changes. The coherence time is a measure of the minimum time required for the magnitude change of the channel to become uncorrelated from its previous value. Slow fading arises when the coherence time of the channel is large relative to the delay constraint of the channel. In this regime, the amplitude and phase change imposed by the channel can be considered roughly constant over the period of use. Slow fading can be caused by events such as shadowing, where a large obstruction such as a hill or large building obscures the main signal path between the
Fast fading occurs when the coherence time of the channel is small relative to the delay constraint of the channel. In this regime, the amplitude and phase change imposed by the channel varies considerably over the period of use.
The phenomenon of fast fading is represented by the rapid fluctuations of the signal over small areas. Slow fading is the result of shadowing by buildings, mountains, hills, and other objects.
Large-scale fading
In free space, received power attenuates like 1/r2.
With reflections and obstructions, can attenuate even more rapidly with distance. Detailed modelling complicated.
Time constants associated with variations are very long as the mobile moves, many seconds or minutes.
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In telecommunications, the delay spread is a measure of the multipath richness of a channel. In general, it can be interpreted as the difference between the time of arrival of the first significant multipath component (typically the line-of-sight component) and the time of arrival of the last multipath component. It is mostly used in the characterization of wireless channels, but the same concept applies to any other multipath channel (e.g. multipath in optical fibers). Delay spread can be characterized through different metrics, although the most common one is the root mean square (rms) delay spread: According to Goldsmith [1] , let Ac() be the power delay profile of a channel. Then, the mean delay of the channel is
In wireless communications, fading is deviation of the attenuation that a carrier-modulated telecommunication signal experiences over certain propagation media. The fading may vary with time, geographical position and/or radio frequency, and is often modelled as a random process. A fading channel is a communication channel that experiences fading. In wireless systems, fading may either
The terms slow and fast fading refer to the rate at which the magnitude and phase change imposed by the channel on the signal changes. The coherence time is a measure of the minimum time required for the magnitude change of the channel to become uncorrelated from its previous value. Alternatively, it may be defined as the maximum time for which the magnitude change of channel is correlated to its previous
Slow fading arises when the coherence time of the channel is large relative to the delay constraint of the channel. In this regime, the amplitude and phase change imposed by the channel can be considered roughly constant over the period of use. Slow fading can be caused by events such as shadowing, where a large obstruction such as a hill or large building obscures the main signal path between the transmitter and the receiver. The amplitude change caused by shadowing is often modeled using a log-normal distribution with a standard deviation according to the log-distance path loss model.
Fast fading occurs when the coherence time of the channel is small relative to the delay constraint of the channel. In this regime, the amplitude and phase change imposed by the channel varies considerably over the period of use.
In a fast-fading channel, the transmitter may take advantage of the variations in the channel conditions using time diversity to help increase robustness of the communication to a temporary deep fade. Although a deep fade may temporarily erase some of the information transmitted, use of an error-correcting code coupled with successfully transmitted bits during other time instances (interleaving) can allow for the erased bits to be recovered. In a slow-fading channel, it is not possible to use time diversity because the transmitter sees only a single realization of the channel within its delay constraint. A deep fade therefore lasts the entire duration of transmission and cannot be mitigated using coding.
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Multi-path components are delayed depending on path length (delay spread) Phase shift causes frequency dependent constructive / destructive interference
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5.2 Multipath & Small-Scale Fading Multipath signals are received in a terrestrial environment, i.e., where dierent forms of propagation are present and the signals arrive at the receiver from transmitter via a variety of paths. Therefore there would be multipath interference, causing multipath fading. Adding the eect of movement of either Tx or Rx or the surrounding clutter to it, the received overall signal amplitude or phase changes over a small amount of time. Mainly this
Fading The term fading, or, small-scale fading, means rapid uctuations of the amplitudes, phases, or multipath delays of a radio signal over a short period or short travel distance. This might be so severe that large scale radio propagation loss eects might be ignored.