INTRODUCTION

The performance analysis of the MUD algorithms in statistical systems are not easy ,since their behaviors are described by a set of random variables. Problems faced in LARGE SYSTEM ANALYSIS. TANAKA in his land mark paper includes different lines from large random matrix theory, statistical physics and replica method in the MUD of CDMA systems with antipodal inputs and obtains the analytical BER of optimum MUD. MC-CDMA was first proposed as a MULTIPLE ACCESS MODULATION TECHNIQUE which combines the addition of OFDM and DS-CDMA. In this paper ,using the replica method ,we provide the asymptotic performance of MC-CDMA systems with channel mismatch across multiple sub carriers . The analytical carriers include previous results as special cases .As will be shown by computer simulations ,with channel mismatch ,the analytical BER performances of both the optimum MUDS and suboptimum linear MUDs in MC-CDMA systems exhibit excellent agreement to the simulated BER results.

COMMUNICATIONS GENERATIONS

FIRST GENERATION SECOND GENERATION THIRD GENEARATION FOURTH GENERATION

WIRELESS MIGRATION

FIRST GENERATION

1G is the analog voice only cellular telephone standard ,developed in 1980s.It was invented by MARTIN COOPER of Motorola corp. in 1973. The band width is about 11.4 to 22.8 kbps It uses FDMA. DISADVANTAGES: Low frequency utilization ratio. Low capacity. Lack of international standards Complicated equipment. High cost No effective anti-interference and anti-attenuation measures Low voiuce quality. e.t.c

SECOND GENERATION

2G uses TDMA technology and implements the mobile telecommunications function together with FDMA technology. 2G-(GSM standard )- GPRS (General Pocket Radio Service) was introduced in 2001. It added packet switching protocols to mobile communication technology and TCP/IP thus making possible for reading and sending of E-mails and Instant Message (IM) and browsing the internet. SMS is heavily used. In 2.5G MMS are used. ADVANTAGES: Better voice quality than 1G. Good security. Able to transmit data and able to roam automatically. DISADVANTAGES: 2G cellular mobile telecommunication system make it hard to satisfy the service requirements. Tight radio frequency resources. Unable to satisfy new service requirements.

THIRD GENERATION

       

3G-UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) can reach 384 kbps. The technology made video phones, watching streaming video, downloading music and getting broadband access possible. UMTS can be used on both mobile phones and computers. It is capable of transferring 385kbps for mobile systems and up to 2Mbps for stationary system. 3.5G allows for data transfer at 3.6Mbpswith an allowance of 30Gb of data per month per user. ADVANTAGES: Large coverage Large capacity High voice quality Green mobile phone High frequency utilization ratio. Simple frequency planning and convenient capacity expansion. Good security Strong anti-interference and anti-multipath fading capabilities

3G STANDARDS

FOURTH GENERATION

    

Also known as Mobile broad band every where MAGIC Mobile Multimedia Communication Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone. Global mobility support. Integrated wireless solution. Customized Personal service. In India ,communication minister ,Mr.Dayanidhi Maran,has announced a national centre of excellence to work in 4G arena. It will boost the data rates to 20Mbps.These speed enables high quality video transmission and rapid download of huge music files.

Comparison of Generations

1G

2G

3G

ystem ajor ystems pplication ocal peed ubscriber

Digital WCDMA,CDMA2000, AMPS,NMT,TACS GSM,CDMA,TDMA TD-SCDMA Voice + little Circuit Voice + PacketVoice switch-data switch-data More than 5Million Less than 500k About 5.9 Million (estimated) Depends on Analogue Signal 9.6kbps to 14.4kbps 144kbps for mobile to 2Mbps for stationary

Analogue

Digital

Properties

More secure data Multimedia data, Unstable, services available, positioning capability, incomplete coverage broader coverage, connection to and poor sound more stable, allow internet, always quality more users, better connected sound quality

Performan e evo tion of e

ar te hno ogies

CDMA 000 evo tion to 3G

IS-95B Uses multiple code channels Data rates up to 64kbps Many operators gone direct to 1xRTT

IS-95B CDMA IS-95A

IS-95A 14.4 kbps Core network re-used in CDMA2000

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Evolved Data Optimised Third phase in CDMA2000 evolution Standardised version of Qualcomm High Data Rate (HDR) Adds TDMA components beneath code components Good for highly asymmetric high speed data apps Speeds to 2Mbps +, classed as a 3G system Use new or existing spectrum

1xEV-DO 1xRTT
CDMA2000 1xRTT: single carrier RTT First phase in CDMA2000 evolution Easy co-existence with IS-95A air interface Release 0 - max 144 kbps Release A max 384 kbps Same core network as IS-95

1xEV-DV

CDMA2000 3xRTT

CDMA2000 1x Evolved DV Fourth phase in CDMA2000 evolution Still under development Speeds to 5Mbps+ (more than 3xRTT!) Possible end game.

Impa t on existing network

W ire e s s D a ta T e h .

C hanne BW

D p ex

In fra s tr t re C hange R e q u ire s n e w s o ftw a re in B S C R e q u ire s n e w s /w in b a c k b o n e an d n ew ch ann el c a rd s a t b a s e s ta t io n s . A ls o n e e d to b u ild a n ew p ack et s e r v ic e n o d e . R e q u ire s s /w a n d d ig ita l c a rd u p g ra d e o n 1 xR T T n e tw o rk s

R e q ire s N ew S p e tr m No

R e q ire s N e w H a n s e ts Y e s , N e w h a n d s e ts w ill w o rk o n IS -9 5 B a t 6 4 K b p s a n d IS -9 5 A a t 1 4 .4 K b p s . C d m a O n e p h o n e s c a n w o rk in IS -9 5 B a t 1 4 .4 K b p s

IS -9 5 B

1 .2 5 M H z

FDD

C d m a200 0 1 xR T T

1 .2 5 M H z

FDD

No

Y e s , N e w h a n d s e ts w ill w o rk o n 1 xR T T a t 1 4 4 K b p s , IS -9 5 B a t 6 4 K b p s , IS -9 5 A a t 1 4 .4 K b p s . O ld e r h a n d s e ts c a n w o rk in 1 xR T T b u t a t lo w e r s p e e d s .

C d m a200 0 1 xE V (D O & D V )

1 .2 5 M H z

FDD

No

Y e s ,N e w h a n d s e ts c a n w o rk o n 1 xE V a t 2 .4 M b p s , 1 xR T T a t 1 4 4 K b p s , IS 9 5 B a t 6 4 K b p s , IS -9 5 A a t 1 4 .4 K b p s . O ld e r h a n d s e ts c a n w o rk in 1 xE V b u t a t lo w e r s p e e d s .

C d m a200 0 3 xR T T

3 .7 5 M H z

FDD

R e q u ire s b ac kb on e m o d if ic a t io n s an d n ew ch ann el c a rd s a t b a s e s ta t io n s .

M a yb e

Y e s , N e w h a n d s e ts w ill w o rk o n 9 5 A a t 1 4 .4 K b p s , 9 5 B a t 6 4 K b p s , 1 xR T T a t 1 4 4 K b p s , 3 xR T T a t 2 M b p s . O ld e r h a n d s e ts c a n w o rk in 3 X b u t a t lo w e r sp eed s.

What is FDMA?

In FDMA ,the available band width of the common channel is divided into bands that are separated by guard bands.

What is TDMA?

In TDMA ,the bandwidth is just one channel that is time shared between different stations

What is CDMA?

In CDMA communication system ,a communication channel with a given bandwidth is accessed by all users simultaneously.CDMA is hybrid combination of FDMA and TDMA.

Draw a ks of FDMA an TDMA

In both FDMA and TDMA only one subscriber at a time is assigned to a channel. No other conversation can access this channel until the subscribers channel is finished or until that original call to handed off to a different channel by the system . Voice channel tends to be burst in nature .So much of the time ,no data is being sent over the channel. This inefficiency tends to limit the capacity of the system. The above drawbacks are overcome in CDMA technique in which the users are spread across both frequency and time in the same. channel.

Sprea Spe tr m Te hno og

CDMA is based on the spread frequency technology. The spread spectrum technology refers to converts the B.W of the original signal to much broader BW of transmission signal, so as to improve the anti-interference capability of communication system.. Its mathematical model is the Shannon form a in the information theor i.e.; when there is white noise interference,the channel capacity is

Fig . Spread-Spectrum communication system

C=B og ( +S/N)

T pes of Sprea Spe tr m

There are two types of spread spectrum. They are Direct sequence spread spectrum. Frequency hopping spread spectrum

Freq en

Hopping Sprea Spe tr m

Freq en

Se e tion in FHSS

FDMA & FHSS:

M ti ser interfa e in CDMA s stem

In CDMA system, each user data is spread by a pseudorandom code. All user then transmit in the same frequency band and are distinguished at the receiver by the user specific spreading code. All other signal are not dispread because they use different codes. These signal appear as interference to the desired user because of non zero cross co-relation values between the spreading codes. As the number of user increases , the signal to interference ratio (SIR) decrease until the resulting performance is no longer acceptable. thus, this multi user interference must be reduced to achieve higher capacities.

Metho s se to re

e the MULTIPLE ACCESS INTERFERENCE:

By reducing cross-correlation in spread spectrum system. Power control. Capacity improvement with CDMA antenna arrays. A simple equation for the uplink capacity U of a single CDMA cell is given by:

U= +WG/(E /N0)-(

/G)

M ti arrier CDMA s stem

Multi-carrier modulation (MCM) is a data transmission technique where several sub carriers are employed to transport the users data stream signal. Today using very fast and cost effective digital signal processors, multi-carrier modulation can be implemented using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) as the set of orthogonal sub carriers. This makes the technique very attractive. Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) improves system capacity by making transmission more robust to frequency selective fading and enhances user spectral efficiency.. The main raw a ks are:  Difficult sub carriers' synchronization in fading transmissions.  Sensitivity to frequency offset is more pronounced than for a single carrier.  Sensitivity to non-linear amplification (peak factor problem). To gain the advantages of both schemes (CDMA & MCM), a combination known as multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) was proposed in 1993 taking after both CDMA & MCM schemes.

MC-CDMA Examp e:

MC-CDMA transmitter an re eiver

FADING ON CDMA CHANNEL

MULTI USER DECTECTION FOR CDMA SYSTEMS

Introduction. Concept of MUD. MUD algorithm. Limitations of MUD.

INTRODUCTION TO MUD

Modern wireless communication systems are required to accommodate many users simultaneously, while providing high data rates and on-demand data transfers. The multi-user communication system consists of many users attempting to communicate with a single receiver over a common set of channel resources. Though simple, this model captures the basic architecture of most modern cellular communication systems deployed through the world.

Con ept of MUD

Multi-user Signal Processing

Multi-user signal processing techniques can be broadly classified into two categories: M ti- ser Dete tion: These are receiver based schemes in which the bulk of the processing is carried at receiver end. M ti- ser Transmission: These schemes involve some pre-processing at the transmitter with the aim of keeping the receiver simple. The low computational burden at the receiver makes them good candidates for deployment in the downlink of mobile wireless systems.

Con ept of MUD

Simp ifie s stem mo e (BPSK):

y t ! uk t  z t
k !1 K

Base an signa for the kth ser is:

u k t ! xk i ck i sk t  iT  X k
i !0 g

xk(i) is the ith input symbol of the kth user ck(i) is the real, positive channel gain k(t) is the signature waveform containing the PN sequence Xk is the transmission delay; for synchronous CDMA, Xk=0 for all users

Received signal at base band

T

t t s  s  dt
1 2 0

K number of users z(t) is the complex AWGN

Con ept of MUD ( ):

Sampled output of the matched filter for the kth user:

yk ! y t sk t dt
0 T

! ck xk  x j c j sk t s j t dt  sk t z t dt
j{k 0 0

1st term - desired information 2nd term - MAI 3rd term - noise Assume two-user case (K=2), and
r

s t s t dt
1 2 0

Con ept of MUD(3)

O tp ts of mat he fi ter are:

y1 !c1x1 rcx2 z1 2

y2 !c2x2 rcx1 z2 1

xk ! sgn y k
Dete te s m o for ser k:

If user 1 is much stronger than user 2 (the near/far problem), the MAI term rc1x1 present in the signal of user 2 is very large Successive Interference Cancellation decision is made for the stronger user 1:subtract the estimate of MAI from the signal of the weaker user.

x2 ! sgny2  rc1 x1 ! sgnc2 x2  rc1 x1  x1  z2

All MAI can be subtracted from user 2 signal provided estimate is correct MAI is reduced and near/far problem is alleviated

Mo e s & Dete tor for MUD

        

AWGN Signal Model. Conventional Matched Filter Detector. Optimality of the Conventional Matched Filter Detector. Optimum Multi-user Detector. Individually Optimum Multi-user Detector. Jointly Optimum Multi-user Detector. Sub-Optimum Multi-user Detectors. Linear multi user detectors. Decorrelating Detector. MMSE Detector. Non-linear Multi-user Detectors. Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC). Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC). Decision Feed back. Adaptive Multi-user Detectors.

Performan e of MUD

BER vs. no. of sers n er i ea power ontro (as n hrono s).

Performan e of MUD( )

BER vs. no. of a tive sers n er Ra eigh fa ing (as n hrono s).

Limitations of MUD:

Issues in practical implementation Processing complexity Processing delay Sensitivity and robustness Potential capacity improvements in cellular systems are not enormous but certainly nontrivial (2.8x upper bound) Capacity improvements only on the uplink would only be partly used anyway in determining overall system capacity Cost of doing MUD must be as low as possible so that there is a performance/cost tradeoff advantage.

Con

sion:

There are significant advantages to MUD which are, however, bounded and a simple implementation is needed ..Current investigations involve implementation and robustness issues MUD research is still in a phase that would not justify to make it a mandatory feature for 3G WCDMA standards Currently other techniques such as smart antenna seem to be more promising

itive White Ga ssian Noise

A basic and generally accepted model for thermal noise in communication channel is the set of assumptions that: The noise is additive . The noise is white. The noise samples have a Gaussian distribution.. Mostly it is also assumed that the channel is Linear and Time Invariant. The most basic results further assume that it is also frequency non-selective.

Optima signa

ete tion in AWGN LTI hanne

Ra eigh fa ing :

Rayleigh fading is caused by multipath reception. The mobile antenna receives a large number, say N, reflected and scattered waves. Because of wave cancellation effects, the instantaneous received power seen by a moving antenna becomes a random variable, dependent on the location of the antenna.

RACIAN FADING
Refined Rician models consider that The dominant wave can be a phasor sum of two or more dominant signals, e.g. the line-of-site, plus a ground reflection. This combined signal is then mostly treated as a deterministic (fully predictable) process, and that The dominant wave can also be subject to shadow attenuation. This is a popular assumption in the modeling of satellite channels. Besides the dominant component, the mobile antenna receives a large number of reflected and scattered waves.

Phasor Diagram of Ri ian fa ing signa

Experimenta res t an

is

ssion

10

10 AW G N Rayleigh K= 0 Rician K= 10 Rician Average E rror P robability

10 Average E rror P robability

-2

10

-1

M = 8 Rayleigh M = 64 Rayleigh M = 128 Rayleigh

10

-4

10

-2

10

-6

10

-3

10

-8

10

-4

10

-10

5 10*log10S NR

10

15

10

-5

5 10*log10S NR

10

15

COMPARISION OF AWGN,RAYLEIGN, RICIAN

Number of Users in Rayleigh

10

10 N = 64 R ayleigh N = 128 R ayleigh N = 256 R ayleigh A verage E rror P robability 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 5 10*log10S N R 10 15

-1

M = 8 R ician M = 64 R ician M = 128 R ician

A verage E rror P robability

-2

-3

-4

10

-1

-5

-6

-7

-8

10

-2

5 10*log10S N R

10

15

Number of sub carriers in Rayleigh

10
0

Number of Users in Rician

A v e ra ge E rror P roba bility

10

-1

M = 6 4 R ic ia n M = 1 2 8 R ic ia n M = 2 5 6 R ic ia n

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

5 1 0 *log1 0 S N R

10

15

Number of Users in Rician

CONCULSIONS:

The performance of this system in AWGN ,Rayleigh Fading ,and Rician Fading channel is analyzed by analytical equations ,and compared to single-carrier system intuitively. By simulation result, BER in AWGN channel out performs other channels as SNR is increased. The performance of Rician fading channel is better than that of Rayleigh fading channel ,because of LOS path . BER depends on the number of users and subcarriers in Rayleigh fading and Rician fading channel . The performance is degraded by the number of users and improved by the numbers of subcarriers .whenever we compare to single-carrier system ,the multicarrier system outperforms single-carrier system, the multicarrier system outperforms singlecarrier system expect that the bandwidth of interference covers the entire bandwidth BW.

FEATURE SCOPE

A study of the key theoretical foundations of MUD is carried out. A trade off between complexity, performance and assumption about what is know is studied. A new low complexity algorithm for MUD is also described. Simulation results show the performance gains of various schemes. A more general analysis of the proposed algorithm needs to be carried out to find out the performance in the case of fading environment and asynchronous transmission. The effect of using Gauss Seidal iteration as the first step of proposed algorithm has to be evaluated. An attempt can be made to find out the bound for error probability for the proposed scheme. Also, a general validity of the approximation used for calculating LLR needs to be studied. A further generalization can be in the direction of modifying such schemes for a MIMO system.