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Time Domain Analysis The traditional way of observing signals is to view them in the time domain. Record in the time domain typically describes the variation of system output or system parameter over time.
n =1 where the Fourier coefficients of f(x) can be calculated using the so-called Euler formulas
1 a0 = f ( x )dx 2
Spectrum of Various Signal Types Figures on the right show a few common signals in both the time and frequency domains.
Laplace Transformation
Transfer Function
Block diagram and transfer function provide an efficient way to describe a dynamic system
Input, r(t) System Output, y(t)
Transfer Function
Used to describe linear time-invariant systems Can be expressed using the Laplace transform of the ratio of the output and input variables of the system Can be experimentally determined by curve-fitting
Frequency response (sinusoidal input) Impulse response (short-duration pulse input)
L[ y (t )] Y ( s ) G (s) = = L[r (t )] R ( s )
y (t ) = A sin( 2ft + )
A: Amplitude f: frequency Amplitude Linearity Adequate Bandwidth Phase Linearity
: phase
Amplitude Linearity
: proportion constant
Frequency Bandwidth
Requirement: a measurement system should replica all frequency components Unit-Decibel scale:
Aout dB = 20 log10 A in
Bode plot: frequency response curve of a system, i.e. a plot of amplitude ratio Aout/Ain, vs. the input frequency
Bode Plot
Amplitude (dB)
fL
fc
fH
Frequency
Bandwidth
Bandwidth: the range of frequencies where the input of the system is not attenuated by morn than -3dB Low & high cutoff frequency: Bandwidth: BW = f f H L Questions:
what happen if a square wave is measured with a limited BW system How to determine the BW of a measurement system