Group Members

M. Abu-Bakr Talha Mehmood Waqas Saleem Nisar Salahuddin

(2008-EE-11) (2008-EE-39) (2008-EE-51) (2008-EE-59)

Nisar Salahuddin 2008-EE-59

Power System Components

Power System

Support Components
Measurement & Monitoring System Protection System

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Load

Main Components

AROUND TOWN & RESIDENTIAL AREA Underground distribution to individual premises is at 400V and 230 V

HOUSE - Overhead distribution to individual houses is at 230V.

SMALL INDUSTRY Most small factories receive their electricity at 11kV HEAVY INDUSTRY - Some have direct connections to the transmission at 132kV
POWER STATION- Generator output at
11kV/20kV is stepped up by transformer to 220kV and 500kV for transmission.

Importance of Protection

Limit the damage due to short circuits

Often faulted equipment is damaged Other equipment is also at risk

Well-designed system will use:

Overlapping primary zones of protection Some form of backup protection

Attributes of Power System Protection

Economy Simplicity Speed Reliability Sensitivity Selectivity

Attributes of Power System Protection

Reliability

Operate dependably and in healthy operating condition when fault conditions occur, even after remaining idle for months or years. Clearly discriminate between normal and abnormal system condition to avoid unnecessary, false trips. Ability to distinguish the fault condition, although the difference between fault and normal condition is small.

Selectivity

Sensitivity

Design Criteria/Characteristics

Speed

Fault at any point in the system must be detected and isolated rapidly to minimize fault duration and equipment damage. Any intentional time delays should be precise. Provide maximum protection at minimum cost Minimize protection equipment and circuitry

Economy

Simplicity

Protection Zones

Zones of Protection

Zones of Protection

Zones are defined for:

Generators Transformers Busbars Transmission and distribution lines Motors

Zones of Protection

Characteristics:
Zones are overlapped.

Circuit breakers are located in the overlap regions.

For a fault anywhere in a zone, all circuit breakers in that zone open to isolate the fault.

Primary & Backup Protection

Primary protection
Primary protection is the first line of defence. The protection provided to protect a specific device or equipment or instrument immediately is called primary protection. It may fail due to the failure of CT, PT, relay or circuit breaker.

Back up protection

Back up protection is second line of defence. Back-up protection is provided which take over only in the event of primary protection failure. The back up protection must wait for the primary protection to operate. So, the operating time of back up protection must be delayed by an appropriate amount over the primary protection.

Fault types

Faults in three phase lines

Shunt Series

faults faults

Types of faults
Shunt Faults
Fault L-G L-L L-L-G L-L-L Total Probability 85% 8% 5% 2% 100% Severity Least severe severe severe Most severe

Series Faults

Series faults are nothing but a break in the path of current. It is observed in practice that most of the open conductor faults sooner or later develop into some of the other short circuit faults

Faults involving only one of the phase conductors and ground, are called ground faults.

Ground faults:-

Phase faults:

Faults involving two or more phase conductors, with or without ground, are called phase faults.

Power system element

Overhead lines

Probability of faults (%)

50

Underground cables Transformers

Generators Switchgear

9 10
7 12

CT, PT, relays, control 12 Faults statistics with reference to equipments, etc

power system elements

Total

100%

Methods of Detecting Faults:

Magnitude of current over current protection

Magnitude & phase angle of current Directional fault protection Magnitude & phase angle of current in earth or neutral Directional Earth Fault Protection V/I ratio Impedance protection Difference between 2 or more currents Differential protection Difference between phase angles of 2 currents phase comparison protection

Apparatus

Principal

Nondirectional Over-current

Directional over-current

Differential

Distance

Alternator

Primary protection Primary protection Primary protection Primary protection Primary protection

Busbar

Transformer

Transmission Line Large Motor

System Protection Components

Protection Components

Transducer(Instrument transformer) (CT and PT)

Relay Circuit Breaker Isolators Insulators

Protection Components

System Protection Flow

voltage or current rise from normal condition voltage/current is reduced to match with relay rating activate circuit breaker circuit isolation

Fault Occur

Transducer

Relay

Circuit Breaker

Fault Clear

Talha Mehmood 2008-EE-39

Instrument Transformers

Instrument Transformer
Use to reduce abnormal current & voltage levels Transmit input signals to the relays of a protection system.

Why do we need transducer?

The lower level input to the relays ensures that the physical hardware used to construct the relays will be small & cheap The personnel who work with the relays will be working in a safe environment.

Potential Transformers

PT is considered to be sufficiently accurate.

It is generally modeled as an ideal transformer.

PT secondary connected to voltage-sensing device. Types of PTs

Electromagnetic PT Capacitive PT

Current Transformers

CT is an instrument transformer that is used to supply a reduced value of current to meters, protective relays, and other instruments.

The primary winding consist of a single turn which is the power conductor itself.
CT secondary is connected to a currentsensing device.

Types of current transformers:There are two types of current transformers: 1. Wound primary type 2. Bar primary type

CT & PT Protection

AS A SAFETY PRECAUTION, NEVER OPENCIRCUIT CURRENT TRANSFORMER ON LOAD! AS A SAFETY PRECAUTION, NEVER SHORTCIRCUIT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER ON LOAD!

Power Transformer Protection

A transformer is a device that changes AC electrical power at one voltage level to ac electrical power at another voltage level through the action of a magnetic field.
It consists of two of more coils of wire wrapped around a common ferromagnetic core. These coils are usually not directly connected.

Types of fault in Power Transformer

HV and LV bushing flashovers (external to the tank) HV winding earth fault LV winding earth fault Inter-turn fault Core fault Tank fault

Inter-turn faults
Insulation between turns can break down due to electromagnetic or mechanical forces on the winding causing chafing or cracking. Ingress of moisture into the oil can also be a contributing factor..

Core and Tank Faults

Core faults:
Heavy fault currents can cause the core laminations to move, chafe and possibly bridge causing eddy currents to flow, which can then generate serious overheating.

Tank faults:

Loss of oil through a leak in the tank can cause a reduction of insulation and possibly overheating on normal load due to the loss of effective cooling.

Incipient Faults in Transformer

Faults which are not significant in the beginning but which slowly develop into serious faults are known as incipient faults.

e.g.,

Failure of the winding insulation Localized heating can also precipitate a breakdown of oil into gas. Severe arcing Oil surge from the tank to the conservator.

Differential protection
Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the protected zone and operates when the differential current between these currents exceed a pre-determined level.
Also called the current balance or circulating current scheme.

Buchholz Protection
The Buchholz relay can detect both gas and oil surges as it is mounted in the pipe to the conservator.
The unit contains two mercury switches.

Types of cooling in power transformer

Symbols Title
O.N.A.N O.N.A.F Oil Natural Air Forced

Description
This is widely used for transformers between 30MVA to 60MVA

Oil Natural Air Neutral This is widely used for transformers up to 30MVA

O.F.A.F
O.F.W.F

Oil Forced Air Forced

Oil Forced Water Forced

This method is used for transformers above 60MVA

The heat is exchange from oil to cooling water

A.N

Air Natural

The ambient air is used for cooling

Application of Protective Scheme in Power Transformer

Protection scheme

Faults
Phase faults Ground faults

Primary Percentage differential relay Percentage differential relay

Back-up Over-current /distance Over-current /distance

Inter-turn faults Oil leaks Overloads Over-fluxing

Buchholz relay Buchholz relay OC relay with thermal image of protected unit Over-fluxing relay with measures (V/f) ratio

Relay Function
Relay Type
51GP, 51GS, 51N

Protection Type
Back-Up Protection

Function
Ground Over Current Detection
Over Current Detection Ground Over Voltage Detection Differential Current Detection Internal Fault Detection

51P, 51S, 50/51T Back-Up Protection 64 87T 87N Back-Up Protection Primary Protection Primary Protection

Name 2008-EE-

Relays

A device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the system. Relay types
Magnitude or Over-current Relay Directional Relay Distance or Ratio or Impedance Relay Differential Relay

Magnitude Relays

Also called as Over-current Relay

Response to the magnitude of input quantities ie. current. Energize CB trip coil when the fault current magnitude exceeds a predetermined value or trips when a current rises above a set point (pick-up current).

If it is less than the set point value, the relay remains open, blocking the trip coil.

Directional Relays

Responds to fault only in one direction. Operation depends upon the direction (lead or lag) of the fault current with respect to a reference voltage. The directional element of these relays checks the phase angle between the current and voltage of one phase, and allows the over-current unit to operate if this phase angle indicates current in the reverse direction.

Ratio Relays
Also called impedance or distance relay Operate for certain relations between the magnitudes of voltage, current and the phase angle between them. Measures the distance between the relay location and the point of fault, in term of impedance, reactance and admittance. Respond to the ratio of two phasor quantities.

Differential Relays

Respond to the vector difference between two current. Not suitable for transmission-line protection. Used for the protection of generators, transformers and busbars.

Most applications are of the current-differential type.

i.

ii.

iii.

The primary winding of a current transformer which is connected in series with the line to be processed. Secondary winding of C.T and the relay operating coil. The tripping circuit which consist of a source of supply, the trip coil of the circuit breaker and the relay stationary contacts.

Bus-bar Trip coil

C.B

C.T

Relay coil

Bus-Bar
Electrical

conductor that makes a common connection between several circuits.

In electrical power distribution busbars refers to thick strips of copper or aluminium that conduct electricity within a switchboard.
An electrically conductive bar connecting two or more electrical circuits.

Busbars are either in the form of aluminium tubes or ACSR conductors.

Busbars are in two or three horizontal planes.

The incoming circuits and outgoing circuits are connected to the busbars. Busbars receive power from incoming circuits and deliver power to outgoing circuits.

Circuit Breakers

A circuit breaker is an equipment that breaks a circuit either manually or automatically under all conditions at no load, full load or short circuit.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

SF6 Circuit Breaker

Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as an arc quenching medium. SF6 is an electro-negative gas. It has strong tendency to absorb electrons.

Advantages
Simple construction. Less cost. Non flammable, non toxic & chemical inert gas. Maintenance free C.B. Ability to interrupt low and high fault current. Excellent Arc extinction.

One & Half Circuit Breaker Scheme

Three circuit breakers are used for two circuits.

It provides high flexibility of operations.

Its cost is high.

ISOLATORS

Mechanical switch use to isolate the transmission line or other equipment from the source of energy.

PROPERTIES Isolates the circuit from energy source.

Operates at no load.

No specific current breaking/making capacity.

WHATmore protection. Provides IS ISOLATOR ?

INSULATORS

Insulator provides necessary insulation between the line conductors and supports and stop any kind of leakage current towards the earth from conductor. PROPERTIES Rigidity High resistance Greater dielectric strength. Non porous. WHAT IS INSULATOR ?

Name 2008-EE-

Protection of Transmission Lines

transmission line is the material,medium or structure that forms path from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy.

Provide path to transfer power between generation and load

Protection schemes for short lines

Current differential Phase comparison

Protection schemes for medium lines

Phase comparison Step Distance Inverse time over current Current Differential

Protection schemes for long lines

Phase comparison Step Distance Current Differential

Fault Calculation
Fault Current is approximately 10 to 20 times normal full load current. To understand the relay performance, we must know how severe is the fault. The voltage at relaying point and current passing through relay, tells the nature of fault.

Over current protection

Introduction
The most obvious effect of shunt fault is a sudden build up of current therefore the over current protection is the most widely used form of protection

Types of over current protection

Non

directional over current protection Directional over current protection

Non directional over current protection

The type of protection which depends on only the magnitude of current is called non directional over current protection

Directional over current protection

A type of protection in which not only the magnitude of current is taken but its phase w.r.t the voltage is also taken. The directional over current protection afford greater selectivity than non directional over current protection.

Types of over current relays

Instantaneous over current relay Definite time over current relay Inverse time over current relay Inverse definite minimum time OCR

OCR used for protection of line

OC Protection of three phase line

Phase sequence a-b-c CT c 52 b a 51-C 51-B 51-A 51-N

AC Bus

51: Time overcurrent relay 52: AC circuit breaker

Protected Line

AC Elementary Diagram
a b c Phase sequence a-b-c CT c 52 b a 51-C 51-B 51-A 51-N AC Bus

Over current relays 51-A, 51-B, and 51-C should send trip signal to breaker 52

51: Time overcurrent relay 52: AC circuit breaker

Protected Line

Drawbacks of OCRs
The operating time of over current relay depends upon, The type of fault Source impedence

Effect of fault on reach

Distance protection

The reach of over-current relay depends on the type of fault as well as on the source impedance thus the relay may under reach or over reach depending upon the type of fault . We must therefore look for relay whose reach does not depend on the actual magnitude of the fault current, Search for such relaying principle has led to distance relay whose reach depend on the ratio of voltage at relay location and the fault current

INTRODUCTION

Relays used for distance protection

Simple impedance relay Reactance relay Mho relay

Simple impedance relay Operating quantity Current

Reactance relay

Mho relay

Current

Directional element

Restraining quantity
Directional property Effect of fault resistance Area occupied on R-X plane Effect of power swing

Voltage

Directional element
NO

Voltage

NO

Yes

Under reach

Reach un-effected Under reach >SIR Very large Smallest

Moderate

Maloperates

Maloperates

Maloperates <SIR

Distance protection of three Phase line

For three phase line we have to provide separate protection for phase faults and ground faults. A total of six numbers of measuring units are required for protection against all the ten shunt faults.

Inaccuracy of distance relay reach

Inaccuracy in CT, PT ratio(cause error on either side) Line parameters calculated from line data(cause error on either side) Atmospheric conditions(cause error on either side) Transient response of CVT

Three stepped distance protection

First step Second step Third step

First step
It is not advisable to set the reach of the distance protection to 100% So set to reach up to 80 to 90% of the length of line section

Step Distance Schemes

Local Z1

Z1 Remot e

The second Step

Second step is required to provide primary protection to remaining 20 to 10% of line section in addition to cover up 50% of the next line section.

Step Distance Schemes

Local Z2 (time delayed) Z1

Z1 Z2 (time delayed) Remot

Third step
The 3rd step is provided with an intention to give full back up to the adjoining line section. It covers the line section under consideration 100% of the next line section and reaches further into the system.

Simplified representation of three stepped distance protection

Trip contant configuration for three stepped distance protection

Purpose

Reach

Operating time

1St step

Primary protection Primary protection of remaining 2010%

80-90% of line section 100% of line under consideration + 50% of the shortest adjoining line

Instantaneous

2nd step

Selective time interval =T1

3rd step

Backup protection

100% of line under consideration +100% longest adjoining line +10-20% extra

T1+selective time interval=T2

Three stepped protection for double end fed line

110