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PHYSIOLOGY
Nutrition ة التغـﺫي
Series سلسلة
Processes عمليات
Takes in يأخـﺫ
Assimilate يمثل الطعام
Promote growth تعزيز أو تشجيع النمو
Replace worn tissues استبدال النسجة التالفة أو البالية
* Heterotrophic.
* The nutritional requirements of mammals can be
divided into:
1- Organic materials: such as carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins.
2- Vitamins
3- Inorganic nutrients such as minerals.
Carbohydrates -1
Derivatives مشتقات
Hydrolyzed ينحل مائيا
Constituents مكونات
Glycosidic bonds روابط جليكوسيديه
Hydrolysis انحلل مائى
It is aldehyde or ketone derivatives of the polyhydric (more
.than one OH group) alcohols
Functions of lipids:
1- serve as an efficient source of energy.
2- serve as a major constituents of the different membranes
.such as cell and nuclear membranes
Proteins -3
Carboxyl group مجموعة كربوكسيل
Amino group مجموعة أمين
Peptide bond رابطة ببتيدية
Peptides ببتيدات
Essential amino acids أحماض أمينية أساسية
Diet الطعام
Hair شعر
Wool صوف
Oxygen carriers حوامل الكسجين مثل الهيموجلوبين
Muscular contraction النقباض العضلى
Antibodies الجسام المضادة
Cell organelles عضيات الخلية
Proteins are complex organic nitrogenous substances with
high molecular weight.
The basic structural units are called amino acids.
Each of the 20 amino acids that occur in proteins contains a
carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2) attached
to thesame. carbon atom
In the molecule of proteins, a carboxyl General
formula
group of one amino acid is linked to an of amino
acid
amino group of another amino acid
.forming a peptide bond
It is continually secreted by liver cells which passes through bile duct which drains
into the duodenum.
Between meals bile stored in gallbladder.
It is greenish alkaline fluid containing water, inorganic salts (mainly bicarbonate) &
organic salts (bile salts and bile pigments).
N.B. There is enzymes in the bile.
Bicarbonate aids in the neutralization of acid chyme which enters the duodenum.
Functions of bile salts:
1- Activate pancreatic lipase.
2- Increase the rate of fat digestion and absorption in two ways:
a- Break large fat globules up into fine droplets & prevent them from aggregating
into larger ones. This process is called emulsification.
B- Combine with fatty acids and monoglycerides to form small, water-soluble
aggregations known as micelles.
2- Pancreatic juice
It is alkaline watery fluid containing inorganic salts (mainly bicarbonate) & organic
salts (enzymes for digesting all 3 major types of food: carbohydrates, proteins &
lipids).
Bicarbonate aids in the neutralization of acid chyme.
A- Amylolytic enzymes: i.e. digestion of carbohydrates.
Pancreatic amylase Disaccharides
Starch, glycogen & most carbohydrates
B- Proteolytic enzymes: i.e. digestion of proteins.
It comprises trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen & procarboxypolypeptidase which are
inactive forms.
Enterokinase
Trypsinogen (secreted by intestinal mucosa)
Trypsin
Autocatalysis
Trypsin
Chymotrypsinogen Chymotrypsin
Trypsin
Procarboxypolypeptidase Carboxyplypeptidase
Proteoses + Peptones Trypsin &
Polypeptides
Chymotrypsin
3- Intestinal juice
It is secreted by the tubular glands of the intestine.
It is an alkaline fluid containing water, minerals & digestive enzymes which are
amylolytic & proteolytic.
A- Amylolytic enzymes: such as disaccharidases e.g. maltase, sucrase & lactase..
Maltase
Maltose Glucose + Glucose
Sucrase
Sucrose Glucose + Fructose
Lactase
Lactose Glucose + Galactose