FHU 3205 QUANTITATIVE METHOD IN FORESTRY Chapter 1 Quantitative - The terminology concerned with quantity of items that can

be measure. Quantitative method - The method to understand the properties and characteristics of any event and object by quantitative measurement. TYPE OF STATISTICS
Statistics DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS -The portion of statistics that concerned with the data structure or description. Ex : a) Analysis on central and dispersion tendencies b) Frequency analysis INFERENTIAL STATISTICS -The portion of statistics that concerned with making the decision based on results obtained from descriptive statistics. Ex : a) Regression analysis b) Analysis of variance

Data set - a collection of observations on one or more variables. Population - a full set of data set that consists of all elements which characteristics are being studied. Sample - a portion of the population selected for study. Element - a specific subject .or object about which the data is collected. Variable - a property of any subject or object under study that assumes different values for different elements. Observation - the data of a variable for an element. Ex: A study on the home states of the forestry students. Variable
State Perlis Kedah Perak .. .. Federal Territory

Frequency
2 8 11 .. .. 6

Element

Observation

TYPE OF VARIABLES Variable

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE - A variable that can be measured numerically. QUALITATIVE VARIABLE -A variable that cant be measured. - Can be classified into at least two non-numeric categories in order to analyse statistically Ex : The colour of the flower.

DISCRETE VARIABLE -A variable which value are countable Ex : The number of wood products sold in any month.

CONTINUOUS VARIABLE -A variable which has a numerical value in an interval Ex : The height of a tree.

TYPE OF DATA Data

METRIC DATA - Data which has the true numerical value.

NON-METRIC DATA - Data which value is in the form of code.

INTERVAL -Data which has an arbitrary zero value. Ex: Temperature

RATIO -Data which has an absolute zero value. Ex : Length

ORDINAL -Data which is arranged in order or rank based on scale of attribute Ex: Respondent awareness on forestry issue

NOMINAL -Data which value is a numerical representative of the object. Ex : Name of flower

ORGANIZING DATA Raw data - Data recorded in the sequence in which they are collected without rearranged or reprocessed. Secondary data - Data which had been rearranged or reprocessed. Ex : A final year forestry student had carried out a study on daily paper production in tonne metric from a factory for 40 days. The data is as follows. 16 26 17 11 24 25 19 14 9 13 23 10 6 15 18 26 13 29 18 24 27 23 18 21 11 21 16 19 17 11 19 15 23 27 20 21 19 22 17 19 The data above is called as raw data since it is not been rearranged or reprocessed. If the data has been rearranged as follows, it is called as secondary data. 6 9 10 11 11 11 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 21 21 21 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 27 27 29

Ungrouped data - A data set that contains information on each unit of a sample or population individually. Grouped data - A data set presented in a frequency distribution table. - Can be classified into two types. a) Individual grouped data b) Interval grouped data Frequency distribution - A table that exhibits the distribution of frequencies of the elements. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA Several main charts are as follows. a) Pictograph b) Bar chart i) Simple bar chart ii) Component bar chart iii) Multiple bar chart c) Pie chart d) Line chart e) Histogram f) Polygon lines g) Ogive h) Stem and leaf

FUNCTION OF CHARTS a) Pictograph - Compare the quantity between the elements. b) Bar chart - Compare the frequency or magnitude between each element either in overall, by component or by classification of the element. c) Pie chart - Determine the percentage or portion of each element of the variable. d) Line chart - Determine the direction of movement of continuous variable or element. e) Histogram - Assessing the frequency distribution for a grouped data. f) Polygon lines - Assessing the symmetrical of the grouped data distribution. g) Ogive - Determine the cumulative frequency distribution of the data. h) Stem and leaf - Assessing the frequency distribution of the ungrouped data.

HISTOGRAM - The graphical version of a table which shows the frequency of cases in each specified categories that are usually specified as non overlapping intervals of some variable. Procedure to draw Histogram 1. Determine the class boundary. 2. Put the class width as horizontal scale. 3. Put the frequency into vertical scale. 4. Draw the bar connecting each class boundary. 5. Give the title of the histogram. OGIVE - A curve line that represent the cumulative frequency distribution either in numbers or in percentages. Procedure to draw Ogive 1. Find the cumulative frequency of each class. 2. Determine the upper boundary of each class 3. Mark the upper boundary at the cumulative frequency value. 4. Connect the upper boundaries.

STEM AND LEAF - A chart which has two parts; a stem and a leaf but both of them represent different digit of the data. Procedure to draw stem and leaf 1. Split each score into two parts, a stem and a leaf. 2. Draw a vertical line where the stem is at the left while the leaf is at the right. 3. List all data in the chart. Class midpoint - The value of the average of the summation of the class limits. Class boundary - The value of the midpoint between the upper limit of one class and the lower limit of the next class. Class size - The difference value between the upper boundary and the lower boundary.

Example 1. The following data is the time consumed by forestry student in a library Time(minutes) % 1 10 8.2 11 20 13.0 21 30 14.8 31 40 17.1 41 50 16.9 51 60 13.0 61 70 12.0 71 80 5.0 Construct the histogram, polygon lines and ogive for the data. Lower boundary Class midpoint 0.5 5.5 10.5 15.5 20.5 25.5 30.5 35.5 40.5 45.5 50.5 55.5 60.5 65.5 70.5 75.5 Cumulative frequency 8.2 21.2 36.0 53.1 70.0 83.0 95.0 100.0

Histogram for the time consumed by forestry student in a library is as in the chart below

1 - 10

11 - 20

21 - 30

31 - 40

41 - 50

51 - 60

61 - 70

71 - 80

81 - 90

Time (min)

Polygon lines for the time consumed by forestry student in a library is as in the chart below

-4.50

5.50

15.50

25.50

35.50

45.50

55.50

65.50

75.50

85.50

Time(min)

Ogive for the time consumed by forestry student in a library is as in the chart below

120

100

80

60

40

Percentage

20

0 .5 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5

Tim (m e in)

Example 2 . A final year forestry student had carried out a study on daily paper production in tonne metric from a factory for 40 days. The data is as follows. 16 26 17 11 24 25 19 14 9 13 23 10 6 15 18 26 13 29 18 24 27 23 18 21 11 21 16 19 17 11 19 15 23 27 20 21 19 22 17 19 Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data In this case, the minimum data is 6 and the maximum data is 29. Since there are only two digits, therefore the digit of tenth should be put in stem and the digit of unit should be put in leaf. The plot is as below Stem Leaf 0 6 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 2 0 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 9