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CCNA 640-802

Chapter 1: Internetworking

Chapter 1 Objectives
The CCNA Topics Covered in this chapter include: Internetworking Basics Layered Models The OSI Model Ethernet Networking Data Encapsulation Ciscos Three-Layer Model Chapter 1 Written Labs and Review Questions
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Internetworking Basics
How would you say the PC named Bob communicates with the PC named Sally?

Internetworking Basics
Switches can replace the hub, breaking up collision domains.

Internetworking Basics
Heres a list of some of the things that commonly cause LAN traffic congestion:
Too many hosts in a broadcast domain

Broadcast storms
Multicasting Low bandwidth Adding hubs for connectivity to the network

Internetworking Basics

Routers create an internetwork.


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Internetworking Basics
There are two advantages of using routers in your network:
They dont forward broadcasts by default. They can filter the network based on layer 3 (Network layer) information (e.g., IP address). Four router functions in your network can be listed as follows:

Packet switching
Packet Routing Path selection Packet filtering
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Internetworking Basics
Internetworking devices

Layered Models
The Layered Approach
A reference model is a conceptual blueprint of how communications should take place. It addresses all the processes required for effective communication and divides these processes into logical groupings called layers. When a communication system is designed in this manner, its known as layered architecture.

The OSI Model


(Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model)

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The OSI Model


The upper layers

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The OSI Model


The lower layers

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The OSI Model


The Layer Functions

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The OSI Model


Peer to peer comunication

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The OSI Model


Connection-Oriented Communication

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The OSI Model


Windowing

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The OSI Model


Network Layer Routing Table used in a router

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The OSI Model


Router in an internetwork

Routers use the logical address in a Network layer header to determine the next hop Routers can use access lists, created by an administrator, to control security Layer 3 devices (routers in this case) provide connections between virtual LANs (VLANs). Routers can provide quality of service (QoS) for specific types of network traffic.

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The OSI Model


Data Link Layer

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The OSI Model


Logical Link Control LLC

Provides an interface between the MAC layer and upper-layer

Maintaining orderly delivery of frames through sequencing Controlling the flow or rate using: Acknowledgment Buffering Windowing Removing framing information and foward to the Network

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The OSI Model


Media Acess Control MAC

Defines specifications for controlling access to the media

Add Cyclical Redundancy Check(CRC) for error checking Convert frames into bits to send across the network Identifying the network devices and network topologies Defining an address(MAC) for each physical device on the network Controlling access to the transmission medium

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Binary Addressing
Binary to Decimal Memorization Chart 10000000 128 11000000 192 11100000 224 11110000 240 11111000 248 11111100 252 11111110 254 11111111 255

Conversion Example
BINARY
10000100 11010010 10111000
10100110

128
1 1 1
1

64
0 1 0
0

32
0 0 1
1

16
0 1 1
0

8
0 0 1
0

4
1 0 0
1

2
0 1 0
1

1
0 0 0

DECIMAL
132 210 184
166

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The OSI Model


A hub in an network

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The OSI Model


A Switch in an network

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Ethernet Networking
Ethernet is a contention media access method that allows all hosts on a network to share the same bandwidth of a link. Ethernet is popular because its readily scalable, meaning that its comparatively easy to integrate new technologies, such as Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet, into an existing network infrastructure. Its also relatively simple to implement in the first place, and with it, troubleshooting is reasonably straightforward.

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Ethernet Collision Detection


CSMA/CD

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Half and Full Duplex


Half-duplex Ethernet is defined in the original 802.3 Ethernet; Cisco says it uses only one wire pair with a digital signal running in both directions on the wire.

But full-duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires instead of one wire pair like half duplex. And full duplex uses a point-to-point connection between the transmitter of the transmitting device and the receiver of the receiving device.
Full-duplex Ethernet can be used in three situations: With a connection from a switch to a host With a connection from a switch to a switch With a connection from a host to a host using a crossover cable
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Ethernet Addressing
The MAC, or hardware, address is a 48-bit (6-byte) address written in a hexadecimal format.

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Ethernet at the Physical Layer


The IEEE 802.3 and original Ethernet Physical layer specifications.

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Ethernet Cabling
Ethernet cabling is an important discussion, especially if you are planning on taking the Cisco exams. Three types of Ethernet cables are available: Straight-through cable Crossover cable Rolled cable

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Ethernet Cabling UTP

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Straight Through
The straight-through cable is used to connect Host to switch or hub Router to switch or hub

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Crossover Cable
The crossover cable can be used to connect Switch to switch Hub to hub Host to host Hub to switch Router direct to host

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Rolled Cable
Although rolled cable isnt used to connect any Ethernet connections together, you can use a rolled Ethernet cable to connect a host to a router console serial communication (com) port.

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Using Hyper Terminal


Notice the settings for Hyper Terminal

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What type of cable is used?

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What type of cable is used for each connection?

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Data Encapsulation
When a host transmits data across a network to another device, the data goes through encapsulation: It is wrapped with protocol information at each layer of the OSI model. Each layer communicates only with its peer layer on the receiving device.
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The OSI Model


Data encapsulation

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The OSI Model


Data De-encapsulation

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PDU

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Port Numbers
The Transport layer uses port numbers to define both the virtual circuit and the upper-layer process.

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Ciscos Three-Layer Model


The following are the three layers and their typical functions: The core layer: backbone The distribution layer: routing The access layer: switching

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Review Question

Hub

Hub

How many broadcast domains are shown?


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Review Question
Switch Switch

Hub

Hub

Hub

Hub

Hub

Hub

How many collision domains 45 are shown?

Which of the hosts can transmit simultaneously without causing collisions? Switch Hub

How many collision and broadcast domains are show?


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How many collision domain, broadcast domain.

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Written Labs and Review Questions


Open your books and go through all the written labs and the review questions. Review the answers in class.

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