Chapter 10

Renaissance & Discovery

The Renaissance in Italy

What does Renaissance mean? Why Italy?
Rebirth or Revival Roman texts were in Italy They had money

Why then? (1375-1527)

Time of transition? Was it the prototype of the modern world?

Yes, they started urban environments Sanitation, small businesses

Constantinople was head of Eastern Orthodox Church

Italian City-State

Italy
Natural Gateway why is this important? What did these strong city states become for most of Europe? How were they ruled? How were the social classes grouped?
By families, by last name Lots of trading

Social Groups
Old Rich (Grandi) New Rich (popolo grosso) fat people Smaller business people Popolo minuto little people What problems did this create?
Class barriers, social tensions

Cosimo de Medici
How did he rule?
Tried to rule from the background Early spoils system

Who was his grandson?

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Humanism, Humanitas, humanity

Definition Burckhardts view Catholic View Political View Kristeller: Scholarship (did not focus on the affects but on the essence)

Early Humanists
Petrarch: Father of Humanism

Dante: Divine Comedy

Dantes Inferno

Taking knowledge and using it to better yourself Extreme contempt for wealth Seeks wide variety of knowledge, knowledge has to have a purpose

Boccaccio: Decameron Why are they considered humanists?

Educational Reforms and Goals

It is better to will the good than to know the truth Read: Christine de Pisan

The Florentine Academy

Of all the ancient recoveries made, which ones made the most impact and were used the most?
Platos writings

Why were the Italians interested in this?

Flattered human nature Self betterment

Lorenzo Valla
What did he do? How did he become popular among the Protestants Why did he and other humanists become some of Luthers first supporters?

Renaissance Art
How was Renaissance art different than Medieval art?

Secular Natural world/human emotions Greater rational Mathematic Symmetry/Proportion Oil Paints
o o

Shade Linear perspective

Giotto father of renaissance painting Masaccio Donatello Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo

Leonardo da Vinci
Man of many skills (Renaissance man)

Raphael

Michelangelo

Slavery in the Renaissance

Describe slavery during the Renaissance
Slavery in the Renaissance was not like slavery in the Southern US Going back to Greek and Roman culture where people didnt work because they made the people they conquered slaves They said humans could elevate themselves to godlike or lower to pigs slaves were like the pigs.

Italys Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494-1527)

Milanese il Moro makes a massive mistake (THATS alliteration) Typically, how did the Italian States feel about each other? What happened when they were attacked? Treaty of Lodi Naples/Florence/Pope support attack Milan Ludovico appeals to the French (bad idea)

Charles VIII
Piero de Midicis weak attempt at appeasement Savonarola kisses up (THEN GETS EXECUTED) Italy Unites Charles gets sent back across the Alps

Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family

Lets Louis XII divorce Charless VIII sister so he could marry Charless VIII widow Single handedly destroyed Italy by uniting with France

Pope Julius II
The warrior pope Julius Excluded From Heaven The French invade Italy again (Why was this important in regards to the Reformation?)

Machiavelli
What did he believe needed to happen in order to keep Italy from being taken over? What were Machiavellis favorite stories? What inspired him? What was his solution of who should rule?
Someone who had the trust of the people

Machiavellian
The Prince Read Pg. 335

Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe

According to the book, what broke the bonds of feudal society? Taxes, wars, laws Executives Standing Armies Raising Money

France
Louis XI Defeat of Charles the Bold and his Duchy Collapse of England in France Charles VII Habsburgs

Charles VII Professional Army Jacques Coeur Louis XI Collapse of the English Empire Defeat of Charles the Bold Too Aggressive

Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella unite Castile and Aragon Secured borders and military strength Unified through Christianity Overseas exploration (Columbus) Central economic planning (lucrative sheep farming) Hermidad

 Isabella and Ferdinand State-Controlled Religion Joanna - Marries Archduke Philip (Son of Maximilian I) Charles I who becomes emperor Catherine of Aragon Columbus

England
100 years war War of the roses Richard III Henry Tudor Court of the Star Chamber

War of the Roses Edward IV Richard III Henry VII Marries Edwards Daughter Court of Star Chamber

Holy Roman Empire

Creation of the Golden Bull Reichstag Imperial Ban (Maxmillian I) Unity between states Council of Regency

 Germany Golden Bull Reichstag

The Northern Renaissance

Compare and contrast the Northern Renaissance with the Italian Renaissance

Similarities
Christian religion Humanism (different views) Education and learning (classical/ancient texts/ideas/philosophies) spread of new ideas business, Central Government Creativity/Expression Art (Painting, sculpture)

Differences
N. Ren Monarchies vs. Disorder in Italy N. Ren Humanism (Christian) N. Ren Different backgrounds

The Printing Press

Why did the rulers of the 14th and 15th centuries want educational systems? What did this create a need for?

Johann Gutenberg
What did he invent? How did this change the world? Authority Politics Religion

Erasmus
Why was he the prince of the humanists? Erasmus Questions

Humanism and Reform

Germany
Rudolf Agricola Father of German Humanism Reuchlin affair Von Hutten German Humanism (hostile to outside ideas) Luthers ideas corresponded with the German humanist movement and German nationalism

Germany
Rudolf Agricola Reuchlin affair Letters of Obscure Men Supported Luther

England
Italian learning = Erasmus Thomas Moore = English humanist (close to Henry VIII) Utopia criticized contemporary society Support humanism challenged old traditions

England
English Scholars Thomas More Relationship to Henry VIII Important role in English Reformation

France
DEtaples writing influence Luther Influx of Italian learning Angouleme spiritual writer John Calvin

France
French invasion of Italy Bude DEtaples Calvin

Spain
Cisneros enforced religious orthodoxy (catholic) Polyglot Bible - Languages in columns Ferdinand and Isabella (strict Catholicism) Kept the P.R. Out of Spain

Spain
Cisneros Catholic Church Complutensian Polyglot Bible Ferdinand and Isabella

Gold and Spices

Henry the Navigator (where did he explore?) What was he looking for? Antwerp becomes the ________ center of Europe. Why? Spice Trade (why spices? Where? Who first established the trade?)

Spanish
Where did they go? Why? Columbus Vespucci Magellan

Map 10-2AEuropean Voyages of Discovery and the Colonial Claims of Spain and Portugal in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

Map 10-2BEuropean Voyages of Discovery and the Colonial Claims of Spain and Portugal in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

Map 10-2CEuropean Voyages of Discovery and the Colonial Claims of Spain and Portugal in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

Map 10-2DEuropean Voyages of Discovery and the Colonial Claims of Spain and Portugal in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

Map 10-3AThe Aztec and Inca Empires on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest

Map 10-3BThe Aztec and Inca Empires on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest

Map 10-3CThe Aztec and Inca Empires on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest

The Spanish Empire in the New World

What was the initial impact of all this exploration to the new world on Europe?

Columbus
Describe Columbus adventures to the new world. How did he describe the natives he encountered?

A Conquered World
Indians 1200 B.C. Aztecs and Incas

Aztecs
1428 took over and made Tenochtitlan their capital Governed over smaller tribes harshly 1519 Cortes lands with 600 men Montezuma believes him to be a god Legend of Quetzalcoatl Disease Gold 1521 New Spain

Incas
Peru Harsh rulers Pizarro (200 men) 1531 Captures Atahualpa Atahualpa gives him all his gold and then Pizarro kills him European values, religion, economic goals, and language dominated South America Latin America

The Economy of Exploitation

Mining Agriculture Shipping
Labor, servitude, dependence of the New World Economy

Mining
Conquistadors Silver and Gold What did the Spanish Crown get to keep?

Agriculture
Hacienda
o o o o

Food Leather goods Farming/ranching Plantation Sugar

Labor Servitude