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Numerical Calculation of Magnetic Dissipation at Power Transformers

Prof. Vlado Madarevi Prof. Alija Muharemovi Dr. Amir Nuhanovi Mr. Hidajet Salki
ElectroComp - Orlando, Florida 16 18 March 2005.

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Motivation: Transformer Design

Better efficiency Less dissipation = increased efficiency Reliability
Less heat dissipation Increased device duration

Cost

Quality of service
Better voltage stability of secondary winding

Problem formulation: find dissipative inductance for a given transformer

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Possible Approaches To The Problem

Analytical Experimental Numerical is our choice
Input - transformer geometry [+ regime] Output Magnetic field at each point in space Dissipative inductance, energy Expensive Hard

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Conceptual View of Dissipation

Fg Fi

produced - useful = dissipative

F i - F g =

Dissipation in Practical Transformers

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Insulation

Winding Primary Secondary Flux Useful Dissipated

Core

Short Circuit Setup

Insulation

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Core Secondary current setup so that useful flux = 0. Enables measurement of dissipative flux

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Energy Method - Outline

Given prim. and sec. currents Find cross section current density [J]

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Find magnetic vector potential [A] Find energy stored in dissipative field [Wm] Find dissipative inductance [L]

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Energy Stored in Dissipative Magnetic Field

Energy formula r r 1 Wm = H B dV 2 (V) r r 1 Wm = J A dV 2 (V)

r Current density [ J ] r Magnetic vector potentialr[ A] Magnetic field strength [ H ] r Magnetic induction [ B ]

r rot H r rot A

( ) ( )

r r D =J+ r t =B

[layered transformer design]

Energy Method for Computing Dissipative Magnetic Field Energy

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Step1: Using current density [J] find the magnetic vector potential [A].
r r r D rot H = J + t r r rot A = H

( ) ( )

rot rot A = J

-1

( ))

Solve using method of finite moments

Step2: Using A and J perform numeric integration. r r 1 Wm = J A dV 2 (V) Step3: use formula

Wm ' =

1 J A dS 2 (S)

Problem is 2 - dimensional

L=

2Wm ' I2

Step 1: Method of Finite Elements - Outline

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Ferromag. Conductor Insulator

r r Construct local equation rot rot A = J

-1

( ))

for each element

Solve the set of equations globally Use iterative procedures because of complexity [FEM 2D]

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Step 2: Numerical Integration

Need to Find
Wm ' = 1 J A dS 2 (S)

element inside primary winding

A i,c

There are 4 possible values of J Inside ferromagnetic material = 0 Inside insulator = 0 Inside primary winding Inside secondary winding For each value of J compute

Si
A i,a A i,b

A J i=iz i,a + A i,b + A i,c Wm ' = Si 2 i=ip 3

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Method of Linked Fluxes - Outline

Given prim. and sec. currents Find cross section current density [J]

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Find magnetic induction [B] Find dissipative flux [ ] Find dissipative inductance [L]

Linked Fluxes

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F1 F2 F3 e= -d[ n 1+ n 2 2+ n 1 3 dt
3

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Method of Linked Fluxes

Step1: Using current density [J] find the magnetic induction [B]

r r r D rot H = J + r r t B =H

( )

r r -1 rot B = J

Solve using method of finite moments

Step2: Using B, calculate dissipative flux [F g] by numeric integration

n 1+ n 2 2+ n 1 3 n n I

Step3: use formula L =

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Practical Example
Manufacturer data Nominal power 300 VA Model OKT10 Make 1f Primary voltage 200V Primary windings 550 Primary wire diameter 0.7mm Secondary voltage 24V Secondary windings 60 Secondary wire diameter 0.7mm Core EI-VIII Body 90x108 mm

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Practical Example [cont.]

a = 90 mm b = 108 mm c = 2 mm d = 9 mm e = 3 mm f = 2.5 mm g = 18 mm k = 50 mm l = 54 mm

f e

k l
c

Magnetization Characteristic of the Core

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2 .5 2 .0

B [T]

1 .5 1 .0 0 .5 0 .0
0 50 00 100 00 100 50 200 00 200 50 300 00 300 50 400 00 400 50 500 00

H [A/m]
FeSi MD200 H (A/m) B (T) 40 0.125 160 0.86 250 1.03 400 1.17 1000 1.34 2000 1.45 5000 1.57 10000 1.70 50000 2.01

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Concrete Discretization for Method of Finite Elements

Core Insulator Primary Secondary

1 - 1884 1885 - 3054 3055 - 3726 3727 - 4398

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Concrete Magnetic Vector Potential

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Concrete Magnetic Induction

Results of the Two Proposed Methods

Winding Prim. LP = 1.761 (mH) Sec. Energy Method

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Method of Linked Fluxes

LP = 1.719 (mH)

LS = 2.061 (mH)

LS = 2.011 (mH)

Total L = Lp+Ls = 3.821 (mH) L = Lp+Ls = 3.73 (mH)

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Error Analysis
Transformer Make OKT10 NN energy transformer L = Lp + Ls (mH) EM 3.821 MUF 3.730 Experimental 3.895

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Conclusion
Both methods give satisfactory results
Useful for transformer design Take into account non-linearity in the core

Energy method is more reliable Energy method is simpler for implementation Method of linked fluxes can be used in any regime

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Backup Slides

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F1 F2 F3 F4

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Insulation

Core

Dissipation in Practical Transformers

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Insulation

Winding Primary Secondary Flux Useful Dissipated

Core

Dissipation in Practical Transformers

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Winding Primary Secondary

Insulation

Flux Useful Dissipated

Only Current Density [J] is given Core