Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module A2

3.1Imperative Programming
3.2 Object-Oriented Programming
3.3 Logic Programming
 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part A

3.1 Imperative Programming

Imperative language
concerned with giving instructions to a computer
e.g. C, Pascal, Basic, FORTRAN, ADA, COBOL
Advantage:
directly support several loop constructs

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part A

3.1 Imperative Programming

Disadvantages:
assignment statement causes severe problems
limited set of control structures for expressing
iterations
limited set of built-in data structure
complex semantics

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part A

3.2 Object-Oriented Programming

Object-oriented programming (OOP)
emphasize the definition of classes of objects
e.g. Java, C++, Smalltalk
Object
instance of a class
created by the program as needed during
program execution
an encapsulation of state and behaviour

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part A

3.2 Object-Oriented Programming

Class
has attributes and behaviours
public fields
accessible from outside the class
private fields
hidden to the users of the class

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part A

3.2 Object-Oriented Programming

a class visualisation
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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part A

3.2 Object-Oriented Programming

a class notation
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 Computer and Information
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Module A2: Part A

3.2 Object-Oriented Programming

Encapsulation (information hiding)
integration of attributes and behaviours in an
object so that the object is self-contained
Inheritance
A class can
inherit the features of another class
add its own modifications
speed up program development
allow program consistency
aid in the reuse of codes

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 Computer and Information
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Module A2: Part A

3.2 Object-Oriented Programming

Superclass Parent Class

Subclass1 Subclass2 Subclass3 Child Class

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part A

3.2 Object-Oriented Programming

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part A

3.2 Object-Oriented Programming

Polymorphism
different classes of objects understand and
respond to the message of the same name, but in
different ways
Two types of polymorphism
function overriding
function overloading

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part A

3.3 Logic Programming

Logic programming
solving Artificial Intelligence program
e.g. vision, robotics, expert systems
emphasize the declarative description of a
problem

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part A

3.3 Logic Programming

Expert System (ES)
knowledge base
encapsulate knowledge of a human expert
inference engine
manipulate the knowledge in the knowledge base
human-computer interface
communicate with a human

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part A

3.3 Logic Programming

Structure of an Expert System

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Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module A2

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