CHAPTER-5

APPLICATION OF BERNOULLIS EQUATION

Application of Bernoullis Equation

The line joining the points at a height of (p/+Z) at various sections along the flow is known as hydraulic grade line, taking any arbitrary datum Z. The line joining points at the height of (p/+Z+ u2/2g) at various sections is known as Total Energy Line.

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Efflux from Conduit Contradictions

The section of the jet at which the streamlines become parallel, has the minimum jet area and is known as VenaContracta. The ratio of the jet area at the Vena-Contracta to the area of the opening is known as Co-efficient of contraction, Cc. Obviously, the velocity of the jet is maximum at Vena-Contracta. The rate of discharge through the contraction can be computed by the application of Bernoullis Equation between sections 1 and 2.

Efflux from Conduit Contradictions

Efflux from Conduit Contradictions

In the case of real fluids, where viscosity also influences the flow, the discharge Co-efficient Cd will be dependent on the ratio of Internal forces to viscous forces per unit volume Reynolds number.
Thus Cd = f (boundary form and Re for real fluids). In the case of a circular conduit :

Orifice Plate

Venturimeter

Venturimeter

Orifices and Mouthpieces

Co-efficient of Velocity
Writing Bernoullis equation for section A and B, assuming no head loss,

one gets,
H + O + O = O + U2/2g + Z or H = U2/2g or U = 2gH

The actual velocity at B, the vena-contracta is slightly less than 2gH due to friction on the periphery of the orifice. The ratio of the actual velocity to the theoretical velocity 2gh is called Co-efficient of Velocity, Cv.

Co-efficient of Velocity For circular orifices Cv varies from 0.95 to 0.98.

Flow through Large Orifices

Flow through Large Orifices This is a limiting case of flow through a large orifice when the free surface falls below the upper edge of the orifice. As the liquid falls just below the top edge of the orifice in figure (A), one can replace H2 by H and H1 0.
Flow over a fully aerated nappe of sharp crested weir

Flow through Large Orifices

This yields the discharge equation for a sharp crested weir as

Flow

Through Notches

Flow through a Triangular Notch

Flow under a Sluice Gate

It is a special case of a two dimensional orifice. The discharge can be computed by applying Br. Eq. and the equation of continuing. Applying Bernoulli's Equation between (1) and (2)

Flow under a Sluice Gate

Q.5.1 A reservoir having a surface area of 500 m2 is emptied by a 0.5m wide rectangular weir. How long should it take to empty the reservoir from a height of 3.2m to 0.1m above the sill Take Cd = 0.65.

Q.5.2 An external mouthpiece converges from the inlet upto the vena-contracta to the shape of the jet and then diverges gradually. The diameter of the vena-contracta is 2 cm and the head over the centre of the mouthpiece is 1.44m. The head loss in the contraction may be taken as one per cent and that in the divergent portion five per cent of the total energy head before the inlet. What is the maximum discharge that can be drawn through the outlet and what should be the corresponding diameter at the outlet?

Q.5.3 Calculate the minimum or just sufficient head H in the vessel and the corresponding discharge which can pass over the plate?

Q.5.4 Two tanks of sizes 6m x 1.5 m and 1.5 m x 1.5 m are connected at their bottom by a short pipe 20 cm diameter. The difference of water levels in the tanks was 3m when the flow started. Find the time to bring the difference down to 1.2m. Take Cd=0.8.

Q.5.5 A jet of water coming out from a 50 mm diameter rounded nozzle attached to a 100 mm diameter pipe is directed vertically downwards. If pressure in the 100 mm diameter pipe 0.2m above the nozzle is 200 kN/m2 gauge, determine the diameter of the jet 5m below the nozzle level.

Q.5.6 Oil of R.D 0.8 flows through a pipe line which changes its size from 150 mm diameter at section A to 300 mm diameter at section B, section B being 4.5m higher than section A. Assuming gauge pressure at A and B as 200 kN/m2 and 140 kN/m2 respectively, determine the direction of flow and energy loss when the pipe carries a discharge of 0.110 m3/s.

Q.5.7 A large tank resting on the floor is filled to a depth of 6.0 m. A sharp edged orifice of 10 mm diameter is located 2.5 m above the floor level. For Cc = 0.61 and Cv = 0.97, determine the discharge and horizontal distance from the tank where the jet will strike the ground.

Q.5.8 For the two orifices shown in the in the figure, determine y2 such that x2= 3x1/4.

Q.5.9 For given H1 and dc, determine D such maximum.

that Q is

Q.5.10 A 900 bend in a pipe with moderate value of R0/D, (where R0=radius at centre line) is used as a flow measuring device by relating Q to pressure difference between outside and inside of the bend. Assume that fluid flows at a constant velocity around the bend, obtain the discharge equation.

Q.5.11 The human heart behaves like a pump. The pressures at

various positions are shown. If a cardiac output is 5 lit/min of blood, estimate the power of the heart. Thus verify that the heart does enough work to lift 30 tons from sea level to the top of Mt. Everest in a lifetime. If during exercise, Q increases by a factor of four and the p by 1.5, estimate the power required.