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Basic Concepts
Smax
Sm
Smin
Basic Concepts
Fatigue data is normally presented in a stress-life diagram SN Diagram, where stress (or strain) range (S or ) versus cycle to failure (N) is plotted. The high cycle range of fatigue life is above105 cycles (approximately), which is usually for Marine Structures. In this range, the stress is essentially elastic. SN data in the high cycle range tend to follow a log-linear relationship, the SN curve,
log S
N(S)m = constant
1 m
log N
Fatigue is caused by cyclic loads, in most cases loads less than the yield stress of a given material, and is a cycle by cycle process of damage accumulation.
For welded joints, fatigue crack growth is dominating. The crack growth process evidently is caused by the local stress/strain at the crack tip. The stress/strain field is characterized by one parameter, the stress intensity factor K. K = S (a)1/2 F
S a F : nominal stress range : initial crack length : form function of stress intensity factor, dependent on external geometry, crack length,crack geometry, and configuration of loading. (F=1.12 is a good approximation) (D.P. Rooke and D.J. Cartwright, Compendium of Stress Intensity Factors, Her Majestys Stationary Office, London, 1976)
Crack Growth may be measured on pre-cracked specimens subjected to constant amplitude cyclic loading.
In the fatigue finite life, the crack growth curve may be approximated by a straight line on a log-log plot, the Paris-Erdogan Crack Growth Relation, Paris (1960). This relation has been named Paris Law.
C, m are fitting parameters, which may be taken as material parameters. Note that C has a dimension which is dependent on the value m. (Fatigue Crack Parameters C and m for C-Mn Structural Steels BS 4360 Gradde 50 or similar tested in air, Berge 1985) a is the crack length, which is used as da, as the difference between ai (initial crack), and af (failure crack). and N is the number of cycles to failure.
Example Case
ai
af
Example Case
Number of cycles to failure for the initial and final conditions given:
The major contribution to life time is when the crack is small. The crack growth rate is increasing as the crack grows. Determination of the size of the initial defect (or crack) is therefore of great importance in fatigue life analysis. The exact size of the crack at final fracture is of relatively low significance for fatigue life assessment. In many cases an infinitely long crack may be assumed, as an approximation.
Safe-Life Design
In the safe life approach to fatigue design, the typical cases of fatigue loading which are imposed on a structural component in service are first determined. The safe-life approach depends on achieving a specified life without a development of a fatigue crack, so that the emphasis is on the prevention of fatigue crack initiation.
Fail-Safe Design
The fail-safe approach, by contrast, is based on the argument that even if an individual member of a large structure fails due to fatigue cracking, there should be sufficient structural integrity in the remaining parts to enable the structure to operate safely until the crack is detected.
Cumulative Damage
Cumulative Damage
where ni is the number of cycles of the occurred stress range, and Ni is the number of cycles to failure, as in Paris Law.
Df = 1
Cumulative Damage
and the fatigue life given by the total number of cycles N. Thus, the Miner sum at fracture may be represented by an equivalent stress SN-curve, which for a weld detail with a given constant amplitude SN-curve will depend on the shape of the load spectrum.
Cumulative Damage
S0 n n0 h
- maximum stress range in the load history (extreme stress range) - number of load cycles exceeding S - total number of load cycles in the load history - Weibull shape parameter - the complete Gamma function
Cumulative Damage
Log n
Exceedances of stress ranges represented by the Weibull distribution with different shape parameters.
Example Case
ai t
Example Case
The final stage of crack growth through a plate as in this case will be rapid. For this reason, a = t is taken as a failure criterion. SN-curve to failure: N(S)3 = 5.00 x 1011 Equivalent stress range for a one year load history:
Inserted in equation for SN-curve: N = 6.68 x 105 Miner sum contribution per year: D = (2200)/(6.68 x 105) = 0.0033 Life to failure: 1/D = 303 years