Introduction to GIS

Dr. Amba Shetty Associate Professor Dept.of Applied Mechanics NITK Surathkal
Date 27/07/11

1.

Objective of the course :

The general objective of the course is to equip students with theoretical and practical knowledge. The specific objectives include the following. To introduce students to the basics of GIS Become familiar with a range of applications of these technologies

2.Skill development of the student expected from the course Exposure to Arc GIS software 3. Course coverage
Contents Stages
1 ( 3+ 3 )6

hrs

Introduction to Geographic Information System Coordinate System

2

Georelational Vector Data Model Raster Data Model Object Based Vector Data Model Data Input , Geometric Transformation , Spatial Data editing

3 4

5 5

Attribute Data Input , Data Exploration

5 7 8

Vector Data Analysis , Raster Data Analysis Introduction to GPS Applications of GPS, GIS

8 1 4

4. Recommended Text Introduction to Geographic Information Systems , by Kang Tsung Chang McGraw- Hill Higher Education , 3rd Edition with CD-ROM , 2008 Introduction to GPS: the Global Positing System, by EI- Rabbany, Ahmed, Artech House, Inc. 2002 5. Details on Tutorials if any: Mini Project using Arc GIS 6. Evaluation Plan

End Sem. Exam Mid Sem. Exam Surprize quizes + Assignment , Test Mini Project , Presentation

40 % 20 % 25 15

Overview

What is GIS and Why GIS Components of GIS Evolution of GIS GIS Models : Raster and vector Concept of Layer GIS operations GIS Applications

Introduction to GIS

GIS = Geographic Information Systems; Geospatial Information Systems; Geologic Information Systems (also geospatial database management) What Information are we talking about?

Information about anything that has a place (e.g. locations of features, address of people) on Earths surface, i.e. has coordinates

Other terms used for GIS

multipurpose geographic data system multipurpose input land use system computerized GIS system for handling natural resources inventory data image based information system land resources information system spatial data management and comprehensive analysis system planning information system resource information system natural resource management information system spatial data handling system geo- information system environment information system AGIS - automated GIS multipurpose cadastre land information system AM/FM - automated mapping and facilities management

The ultimate purpose of a GIS is to provide the context for making a reasonable decision.
Wisdom Knowledge

Evidence
Information

Data

The importance of GIS

The British Government (Dept. of the Environment) stated in 1988 that the impact of GIS on spatial analysis was as significant as ........ the invention of the microscope and telescope were to science, the computer to economics and the printing press to information dissemination. It is the biggest step forward in the handling of geographic information since the invention of the map

What prompted the development of GIS

Proliferation of data: over the last two decades, there has been a surge in the development of data gathering methodologies, plus the increasing ability to electronically transfer data

Reduction of computer cost and increase of computer capacities -in term of storage, processing speed, display and output devices

Integration of parallel developments: CAD, Remote Sensing, spatial and images analysis, digital cartography, surveying and geodesy, etc

Increasing demand of GIS output, in public and private sectors

Data vs. Information

Data, by itself, generally differs from information Data is of little use unless it is transformed into information Information is an answer to a question based on raw data We transform data into information through the use of an Information System.

Data vs. Information

What is an Information System

Information systems can be very simple, such as a telephone directory.

In the digital environment we use software to create complex information systems.

What is a GIS?
GIS = G + IS

Geographic reference + Information system

Data of spatial coordinates on the surface of the earth (Map) location data

Database of attribute data corresponding to spatial location and procedures to provide information for decision making

GIS = IS with geographically referenced data

Definitions of GIS

A broadly accepted definition is the one given by USGS (1997)

A GIS is a Computer based System capable of capturing , storing , analyzing and displaying geographical referenced information

Knowledge Base for GIS

Computer Science/MIS
graphics visualization database system administration security

GIS

Application Area:
public admin. planning geology mineral exploration forestry site selection marketing civil engineering criminal justice surveying

Geography and related:

cartography geodesy photogrammetry landforms spatial statistics.

GIS as Multidisciplinary Science

Relation between GIS and related Computer Systems

Evolution of GIS

Cost of implementation

Hardware, Software, Data creation, Data updating , Data archiving.

Cost of implementation

Cost of implementation

From Data to Analysis

Spatial Analysis Attribute Tagging

Spatial

5% Analysis

10-15% Attribute Tagging

75% Data Conversion:

Data Conversion

Past

Future

Components of a GIS

Hardware: the computer on which GIS operates Software: which provides the
functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. Data: geographic data & related tabular data People: GIS users who range from specialists to simple users Methods: a designed plan and business rules

Description of GIS Components

Hardware

Software

GIS software
CARIS Chameleon ERDAS IMAGINE ESRI GeoServer GeoTools GRASS IDRISI ILWIS JUMP GIS LandSerf Manifold System MapInfo MapServer Maptitude Oracle Spatial PostGIS Quantum GIS Smallworld SPRING TatukGIS TransCAD TerraView TNTmips TransModeler

Windows
Y Y Y Y Y Java Y Y Y Java Java Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Mac
N Y N N Y Java Y N N Java Java N N Y N Y Y Y ? N N N N Y N

GNU /Linu x
Y Y N Y Y Java Y N N Java Java N Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y N

BSD
Y Y N N Y Java Y N N Java Java N N Y N N Y Y ? N N N N N N

Unix
Y Y Y Y Y Java Y N N Java Java N Y Y N Y Y Y Y Solaris N N N Y N

Web
Y AMP N Y Java N via pyWPS N N N N Y Y AMP Y Y Y Y Y N ? Y N N N Source: Wikipedia

GIS software
CARIS Chameleon ERDAS IMAGINE ESRI GeoServer GeoTools GRASS IDRISI ILWIS JUMP GIS

Windows
Y Y Y Y Y Java Y Y Y Java

Mac
N Y N N Y Java Y N N Java

GNU /Linu x
Y Y N Y Y Java Y N N Java

BSD
Y Y N N Y Java Y N N Java

Unix
Y Y Y Y Y Java Y N N Java

Web
Y AMP N Y Java N via pyWPS N N N

$$$$

LandSerf
Manifold System MapInfo MapServer Maptitude Oracle Spatial PostGIS Quantum GIS Smallworld SPRING TatukGIS TransCAD TerraView

Java
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Java
N N Y N Y Y Y ? N N N N

Java
N Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N N Y

Java
N N Y N N Y Y ? N N N N

Java
N Y Y N Y Y Y Y Solaris N N N

N
Y Y AMP Y Y Y Y Y N ? Y N

Free

TNTmips
TransModeler

Y
Y

Y
N

Y
N

N
N

Y
N

N
N

Source: Wikipedia

Other GIS Software Resources

DIVA-GIS

http://www.diva-gis.org/

R-Project for Statistical Computing

http://www.r-project.org/

Free Geography Tools

http://freegeographytools.com/

GISWiki

http://en.giswiki.net/

FreeGIS.org

http://freegis.org/

People

People ( Cont..)

GIS Components Policies, Procedures and Applications

Policies & Procedures For:

How and when to update data (Maps, GIS Layers, etc..) Who can update Backup and recovery Information Security Etc..
Policies and Procedures vary depending on the type of application Many Corporate sectors are looking back into Policies and Procedures after Satham fraud !!!

GIS Components - Data

The Data is : The Fuel for GIS The most costly component: 80% of the cost of GIS relates to data

Geographically Referenced Data

Metadata describes both the spatial and attribute data to new users. Metadata is data about data.

GIS in the Planning Process

Decision Define problem

Output

GIS Process

Define GIS criteria

GIS analysis

Import or build datasets

Data For GIS Applications

Features Representation

Examples of Descriptive Attributes

Water Wells (point features)

Depth Year Drilled Volume of Water Production Name Width Number of Lanes Area Owner Name and Address Permit Number

Roads (line features)

Land Parcels (polygon features)

Location and Attributes

Location and Attributes

LINKING SPATIAL AND ATTRIBUTE DATA
Theme map of Rice_Kp

Attribute table of Dist

OBJECTIDID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dist_name Dist_ID Geometry1_ Shape_Leng Shape_Area 1 Adilabad 123 1Bo 753337 16838673859.80 2 Nizamabad 116 1BoG( 430537 7655003826.81 3 Karimnagar 122 1BoG 662231 11771979304.40 4 Medak 117 1BoG( 573986 9510748717.53 5 Hyderabad 115 1BoG\ 53851 203218046.01 6 Rangareddy 114 1BoG( 587854 7813591915.82 7 Warangal 120 1BoG 674389 12701135906.20

Rice_1995 table
OBJECTIDDISTID DISTNAME NO_ YEAR_1995 RICEKA RICEKP RICERA RICERP 23 123 Adilabad 113 1995 63 64 7 19 16 116 Nizamabad 78 1995 102 206 34 84 22 122 Karimnagar 108 1995 104 260 88 252 17 117 Medak 83 1995 64 111 41 78 15 115 Hyderabad 73 1995 1 1 1 1 14 114 Rangareddi 68 1995 22 47 18 35

Layers Concept

GIS, data for an area are divided into layers or themes. Data theme is a collection of common geographic elements divided by type for the dual purposes of display and analysis.
The database can be divided into as many layers as is necessary, where each layer contains one characteristic such as soils, land use, drainage, etc. The layers overlay each other perfectly as a result of Georeferencing and enabling analysis betwee

Layers Concept

What a GIS Can Do

There are five basic questions which a complete GIS must answer. These are:

What exists at a particular location? Given a geographic reference (eg lat,long) for
a location, the GIS must describe the features of that location

Where can specific features be found? This is the converse of the first question. For example, where are the districts with rainfall greater than 500 mm and less
than less than 750 mm?

Trends or What has changed over time? This involves answering both questions
above. For example, at what locations are the crop yields showing declining trends?

What spatial patterns exist? if occurrence of a pest is associated with a

hypothesized set of conditions of temperature, precipitation, humidity, where do those conditions exist?

Modelling or What if ? This is a higher level application of GIS and answers

questions like what would be the nitrate distribution in groundwater over the area if fertilizer use is doubled?

4 Ms

Key activities that can be enhanced through the use of GIS

Environment

Measure Map Monitor Model

Development Change space and time Alternate action , Process operating

GIS are a means of integrating spatial data acquired at different scale, time an format

Classification of GIS Operations

Getting progressively more involved

GIS Applications

Business Government Economic Development Emergency Services Environmental Industry Public Health Urban Planning

Politics Education

Site Location, Delivery stems, Marketing Central, State,District etc Population Studies, Incomes, Census and Demographic Studies Fire & Police Monitoring & Modeling Transportation, Communication, Mining, Pipelines, Healthcare Epidemiology Studies Land Use, Historic studies, Environmental and Conservation Studies, Housing Studies, Crime Analysis Elections and Reappointment Research, Teaching Tool, Administration

Wherever Spatial Data Analysis is Needed

Scholarly Journals Emphasizing GIS Research

International Journal of GIScience (formerly International Journal of

GISystems)*

Cartography and GIScience (formerly American Cartographer and

Cartography and GISystems)

Computers and Geosciences* Computers, Environment and Urban Systems Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing* Transactions in GISystems Geographical and Environmental Modeling Geographical Analysis* GeoInformatica* Annals of the Association of American Geographers* Journal of Geographical Systems* (successor to Geographical Systems)

*UD subscribes

Thank You