INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING

NETWORKING

A network is a group of interconnected systems which share services and interact with each other by means of a shared communication link. These systems can be located anywhere.

Network is often classified according to its geographical size.

FUTURE ASPECTS OF NETWORKING

1 - RESOURCE SHARING. (files, printers, modems, fax machines)
2 - HIGH RELIABILITY . 3 - COMMUNICATION MEDIUM .

CHAPTER PLAN

Basics of Networking Types of Networks

Types of Cabling
Wireless Networks Networking Components

Basics of Networking
1.Networks -LAN -MAN -WAN 2.Topology -STAR -RING -BUS -TREE

Types of Networks
1.Peer to Peer Network 2.Server Based Network 3.Ethernet

Types of Cabling
1.Coaxial Cabling 2.Twisted Pair Cabling
3.Fibre Optics

Wireless Networks
1.Radio Waves 2.Micro Waves
3.Satellite

Networking Components
Servers Nodes Hub

Bridge Switch Router Modem

Basics of Networking
1.Networks -LAN -MAN -WAN 2.Topology -STAR -RING -BUS -TREE

Classification of Network
The most common classifications of networks are: (LAN) Local Area Networks (WAN) Wide Area Networks (MAN) Metropolitan Area Network

Local Area Networks

Computer network connecting computers and other devices in a workgroup, department, building or campus.

Local Area Networks

These are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. they are widely used to connect personal computers and workstation in company offices and factories to share resources (e.g. printers) and exchange information.

Range : 1 Km.

All Computers can be controlled using any software.

It is used for small Geographical Area.

Metropolitan Area Networks

It is basically a bigger version of LAN and cover up nearby corporate offices or a city and might be either private or public. MAN can support both data and voice and might be related to local cable television network.

Range : 100 Km.

Wide Area Networks

WIDE AREA NETWORK

WAN spans a large geographical area , often a country or continent. It consist of collection of machine intended for running user application. It uses Wireless Transmission Media. Many LANs or MANs are interconnected to each other to form WAN. Range : Whole World

TOPOLOGY

It refers to the layout of connected devices. Network topology is the physical interconnections of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network. A local area network (LAN) is one example of a network that exhibits both a physical topology and a logical topology.

TOPOLOGY

TOPOLOGY
The study of network topology recognizes four basic topologies:

Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology Tree Topology

Bus Topology
All Computers are connected to each other through a single cable. The Bus is available for each computer to send its data to each and every computer.

Star Topology
All Computers are connected to Central Hub. The Hub receives signals from a computer and routes it to the proper destination.

Star Topology
Advantages Easy to add new workstations Centralized control Disadvantages Hub failure cripples all workstations connected to that hub Hubs are slightly more expensive

Ring Topology
All Computers are connected to each other in a circle which looks like a ring. Data transmits along the ring in one direction only.

Tree Topology
It is also called as extended Star Topology. Sub computers are connected to one central computer. That Sub Computers again form central computer for another sub computers. Tree Topology = Star Topology + Bus Topology

Networking Components
Servers Hub Bridge Switch Router Modem

SERVER
A server is a computer on a network, which process request and is used to share the data and resources among the other computers in a network.

A server stores all the necessary information and provides the different services like, workstation computers logon access, internet sharing, print sharing, disk space sharing etc.
There are different types of servers e.g. File and print server, database server, proxy server, Fax server, backup server etc.

HUBS
Hub is a simplest network device. The function of the hub is broadcasting. i.e. data is forwarded towards all the ports of a hub, regardless of whether the data was intended for the particular systems in the network or not. Computers in a network are connected to a hub with a twisted pair cables.

SWITCHES
Switch is a intelligence device than hub. Switch provides the same function as a hub or a bridge but it has the advance functionality of connecting the two computers together temporarily. Switch contains the switch matrix or switch fabric that can connect and disconnect ports. Unlike hubs, switch only transmit or forwards the data to the destined computer and it does not broadcasts the data to all its ports.

MODEMS
Modems are the devices, which are used to translate the digital data into the analog format and vice versa.

It performs the two main functions. Modulation and demodulation.

A modulated data can travel across the conventional telephone lines. The modem modulates the signals at the sending end and demodulates at the receiving end.

The specialized devices are designed for use in the systems such as handheld computers.

ROUTERS
Routers route the data between two logically and physically different networks. A Router has the capability to determine the destination address for the data and hence provides the best way for the data to continue its journey. Router gets this capability through its software called routing software. Unlike Switches and Bridges, which use hardware configured MAC address to determine the destination of the data, router uses logical network address such as IP address to make the decision in determining the destination of the data.

BRIDGES

A network bridge connects multiple network segments. Bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all ports, as does a hub. but learns which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address only to that port. Bridges do send broadcasts to all ports except the one on which the broadcast was received. Bridges come in three basic types:

Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs) Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs

Types of Networks
1.Peer to Peer Network 2.Server Based Network
3.Ethernet

Types of Networks

It Describes the manner in which resources attached to computers can be accessed by another computer. Resources can be clients, servers or any physical devices , files that reside on computer.

Peer to Peer Network

Peer-to-peer is a communications model in which each party has the same capabilities and either party can initiate a communication session. No Computer is set aside as a server but all the machines can act as a client and can act as a server.

Peer to Peer Network

Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional clientserver model where only servers supply, and clients consume. Peer-to-peer was popularized by file sharing systems like Napster

Peer to Peer Network

Each peer is responsible for its own security. Such configuration is often used in a small networks having numbers of computer less than 10.

Peer to Peer Network

Peer to Peer Network

ADVANTAGES Network is easy to operate. DISADVANTAGES It is not useful for database application.

Resource sharing is very It cannot maintain simple. proper security. It is cost effective for small networks. It cannot be useful for large networks.

Server Based Network

A server-based network consists of a group of useroriented PCs (called Clients) that request and receive network services from specialized computers called Servers. Servers are generally higher-performance systems, optimized to provide network services to other PCs.

Some common server types include file servers, mail servers, print servers, fax servers, and application servers.

Server Based Network

Relationship between a server and a client is same as a Teacher and a Student, where teacher provides services (of teaching) and student study.
You know, student never teaches the teacher, right!

Server Based Network

Eg. To Check your bank account from your computer, a web browser client program in your computer forwards your request to a web server program at the bank.

That program may in turn forward the request to its own database client program that sends a request to a database server at another bank computer to retrieve your account balance.
The balance is returned to the bank database client, which in turn serves it back to the web browser client in your personal computer, which displays the information for you.

Server Based Network

The client-server model has become one of the central ideas of network computing. Many business applications being written today use the client-server model. So do the Internet's main application protocols, such as HTTP, SMTP, Telnet, DNS.

Server Based Network

ADVANTAGES The network can be used for large networks The network is more Secure. It is very useful for Database Application. DISADVANTAGES It is difficult to install the network. It is not cost effective.

Ethernet

In 1973 Xerox built a 2.94 Mbps LAN system to connect over 100 computers on a 1 km cable. This system was called as Ethernet as luminiferous ether was used to support the transmission of electromagnetic waves through vacuum.

Ethernet
There are several standards for LAN. The Ethernet is also one of the standards for LAN, which is generally referred to as IEEE 802.3 standard.

IEEE Institution of Electronics and Electrical Engineers.

Ethernet

The maximum cable length allowed by Ethernet is about 500 m. In order to extend the network over long distance, the multiple cables can be connected using the repeaters.

But Distance between Nodes < 2.5 Km & should not contain Repeaters < 4

Ethernet
ADVANTAGES Its very simple to install. DISADVANTAGES The system can only be used for analog transmission.

Nodes can be easily added and removed.

The cable length is limited up to 2.5 km.

Data transmission speed There are large collisions in can be achieved up to 10 case of more signals to be Mbps. transmitted.

Types of Cabling

The successful transmission of data depends upon the characteristics of the transmission medium.

Characteristics of Transmission Medium 1. Bandwidth : Capacity of medium to transmit data. 2. Bit Rate : Rate at which data can be communicated. 3. Attenuation : It measures how much signal weakens. 4. Noise : Unwanted signal added to original signal.

Types of Cabling
1.Coaxial Cabling 2.Twisted Pair Cabling
3.Fibre Optics

Coaxial Cabling

Coaxial Cabling
A Coaxial cable consists of a stiff copper wire surrounded by an insulating material. The insulator is coated under a cylindrical conductor, which is surrounded by copper mesh.

The whole structure is covered under protective plastic sheath.

Coaxial Cabling
Characteristics 1.The cable can be used in both analog & digital communication. 2.The cable has high bandwidth and data rate up to 10 Mbps. Applications Television transmission, long distance telephone communication & LAN.

Twisted Pair Cabling

Twisted Pair Cabling

A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires about 1mm thick, twisted around each other in a helical form. Number of such pairs are bundled together and coated under protective sheath. Two Categories : Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP).

Twisted Pair Cabling

Characteristics 1.The cable can be used in both analog & digital communication. 2.The cable has low bandwidth and data rate. Applications Telephone Systems, PBX (private branch exchange) & LAN

Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber

It is a thin , flexible fiber made up of glass or fused silica. It has cylindrical shape and it has three sections as core, cladding & jacket, which protects the core, & cladding from moisture & other things.

Optical Fiber
Characteristics 1.The cable has high bandwidth and data rate up to 2 Gbps. 2. The signal attenuation is very low as light is used as a signal. Applications Long Distance telephone communication ,Military Applications & LAN,WAN & MAN

Wireless Networks
1.Radio Waves 2.Micro Waves
3.Satellite

Radio Waves
Signals may transmit through cables or by ground or broadcast it. Data Transmission rate is up to 100 miles. No need of special transmitter or receiver. Useful in LAN. Installation cost is not so high as compared to microwave. Signals are not secured.

Micro Waves
Signals are transferred through upper surface of atmosphere. Data transmission rate is up to 16 Gb /sec. Range is up to 30 miles. To transmit signals for long distance repeaters are used. Useful in LAN. Installation cost is more.

Satellite
Microwaves are transmitted through air from one transmitting center to other. Data transmission rate is very High. Used in WAN. Installation cost is very High. Satellite is launched 22,300 miles above the earth. Special security signals are used to avoid illegal use of the signals.

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