Introduction to Telephony

Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Consolidated Transport Networking

Telephony Equipment
Telephone set

Key system
Optimizes use of telephone sets to lines Mechanical to electronic 2 to 10+ sets typically

PBX (Private Branch Exchange)

Advanced features and call routing 10s to 100s of telephone sets

Central office switch

Analog TelephonyPOTS Basics

Tip
Ring

Sleeve

Basic Call Progress: On-Hook

Telephone Switch

Local Loop

Local Loop

-48 DC Voltage DC Open Circuit No Current Flow

5

Basic Call Progress: Off-Hook

Off-Hook Closed Circuit DC Current Dial Tone Local Loop Local Loop

Telephone Switch

Basic Call Progress: Dialing

Off-Hook Closed Circuit Dialed Digits Pulses or Tones DC Current Local Loop

Telephone Switch

Basic Call Progress: Switching

Off-Hook Closed Circuit

Telephone Switch Address to Port Translation

DC Current Local Loop

Local Loop

Basic Call Progress: Ringing

Off-Hook Closed Circuit Ring Back Tone DC Current Local Loop

Telephone Switch
DC Open Cct. Ringing Tone Local Loop

Basic Call Progress: Talking

Off-Hook Closed Circuit Voice Energy DC Current Local Loop

Telephone Switch
Voice Energy DC Current Local Loop

10

Analog TelephonySignaling

Supervisory Addressing Call progress

11

Off-Hook Signaling
Loop Start (almost all telephones)
Seizure is detected when current flows through local loop, due to off-hook

Ground Start (PBXs)

Seizure is detected when one wire is grounded Seizure can be initiated in both directions

12

Analog Telephony Supervisory Signaling

Loop start
Current flow sensed

Ground start
Momentary ground ring lead

Switch

Switch

13

Loop Start
Station PBX or Central Office Loop (Local or Station) Switch +

DC Current

Switch

Ringing

AC
Switch

+
14

E&M Signaling
PBXs, switches
Separate signaling leads for each direction E-Lead (inbound direction) M-Lead (outbound direction) Allows independent signaling

State On-Hook Off-Hook

E-Lead Open Ground

M-Lead Ground Battery Voltage

15

Signaling and Addressing

Dial Pulse

DTMF

ISDN

Analog Transmission In-Band Signaling 09, *, # (12 Digits)

Digital Transmission Out-of-Band Message-Based Signaling

16

Pulse Dialing
Off-Hook Make (Circuit Closed) Dialing Inter-Digit Next Digit

Break (Circuit Open)

700 ms

US:60/40 Break/Make Pulse Period (100 ms)

17

Tone Dialing
Dual Tone Multifrequency (DTMF) 1209 697 1336 1477 1633

A
Timing: 60 ms Break 40 ms Make

770 852

941

18

Network Call Progress Tones

Tone Frequency (Hz) On Time Off Time

Dial
Busy Ringback, Normal Ringback, PBX Congestion (Toll) Reorder (local) Receiver Off-hook No Such Number

350 + 440
480 + 620 440 + 480 440 + 480 480 + 620 480 + 620 1400 + 2060 + 2450 +2600 200 to 400

Continuous
0.5 2 1 0.2 0.3 0.1 O.5 4 3 0.3 0.2 0.1

Continuous, Freq. Mod 1Hz

19

Voice Channel Bandwidth

Voice Channel Output Voltage or Energy Voice Signal

.2

1 Tone Dialing Signals

Frequency (K-Hertz)

Systems Control Signals

20

Local Access Network

Feeder Route Boundary

Central Office

40,000 to 50,000 Lines

Serving Area Boundary

21

Switching Systems
Manual controlSwitch/cord boards

Off-Hook Indicator Tip Ring

Patch Cord Pairs Manual Ring

22

PSTN Network Hierarchy

1 1 1 Class 1 2 3 4C 4P 4X 5 5R R Name Regional Center Sectional Center Primary Center Toll Center Toll Point Interm. Point End Office EO w/ RSU Remote Sw. Unit

4C

4P

4C 4P

4X

5R

4C 4P

5R

4X

R
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Types of Voice Circuits

Serving Area 415-NXX-XXX 415-577-3800 Class 5
Switch

Serving Area 510-NXX-XXX Class 5 415-655-1400

Switch

OPX Off-Premises Ext. 415-577-3801

FX Foreign Exchange

ARD Auto Ring Down

24

Echo in Voice Networks

Talker Delay Listener

Talker Echo

Listener Echo

25

Normal Signal Flow

2-Wire Local Loop Central Office Receive Direction

2w-4w Hybrid Transmit Direction

2- to 4-wire hybrid combines receive and transmit signals over the same pair 2-wire impedance must match 4-wire impedance

26

How Does Echo Happen?

Echo is due to a reflection

2-Wire Local Loop

Central Office

Receive Direction

Rx and Tx superimposed

2w-4w Hybrid
Transmit Direction

Impedance Mismatch at the 2w-4w Hybrid Is the Most Common Reason for Echo
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Echo Is Always Present

Echo as a problem is a function of the echo delay, and the magnitude of the echo

Echo Is Unnoticeable
(dB)
Echo Path Loss

Echo Is a Problem

Echo Path Delay (ms)

28

Ways to Defeat Echo

Increase the loss in the echo path
Can often be the solution Disadvantage: Static setting, reduces the signal strength of the speaker

Echo suppresser
Acts like a noise gate, effectively making communications half-duplex

29

Echo Canceller
Most effective means for removing echo
Central Office E/C

Echo Canceller Block Diagram

Adaptive Filter

30

Summary
Analog voice technology dates back to the 1900s Information exchange based on voltage, current flow, grounding, etc.

31

Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Consolidated Transport Networking

32

Digital Telephony
Digital Trunking Switch Switch

Analog Loop POTS CB

Digital Network Switch

Digital Loop Digital Network ISDN Switch

33

Digital Telephony
Pulse Code ModulationNyquist Theorem
Voice Bandwidth = 300 Hz to 3400 Hz

Analog Audio Source

Sampling Stage
= Sample

Codec Technique

8 kHz (8,000 Samples/Sec)

34

Pulse Code Modulation Analog to Digital Conversion

ALaw (Europe)
Quantizing Noise

100100111011001 Stage 1

Law (USAJapan)

Quantizing Stage
35

Digital TelephonyT1 and E1/J1

T1 ITU-T G.733
Sampling Frequency Channel Bit Rate Time Slots per Frame 8 kHz DS064 kbps 24

E1/J1 ITU-T G.732

8 kHz DS064 kbps 32

Channels per Frame

Bits per Frame Framing

24
24 x 8 + 1 = 193 D4/Super Frame (12) Extended Super Frame (24)

30
32 x 8 = 256 E1: Multiframe (16) J1: CRV in Bit 1 of frame 2.048 kbps Word of 7 Bits in the 0 Channel of Odd Frames 8,000 x 256 = 2.048 Mbps E1: CCS in TS 16 CAS in TS 162 Ch Every Other Frame J1: TS0

Framing Indicator

193rd Bit of Frame

System Bit Rate Signaling

8,000 x 193 = 1.544 Mbps Robbed Bit Channel Associated Signaling D4/Super Frame LSB/Channel Extended Super Frame LSB/Channel

Frame 6 and 12

Frames 6, 12, 18, 24

DS1 Framing Format

193rd Bit of each frame used for frame synchronization. D4 Framing is 12 frames D4 framing pattern is: 100011011100 ESF is 24 frames, with framing, CRC and an FDL channel ESF Framing pattern is 001011, in frames 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 Channel Associated Signaling robs the LSB of every byte in frames 6, 12, 18 and 24 for ABCD bits Common Channel Signaling (ISDN) uses TS 24
37

24 Frames per Extended SuperFrame

24 Time Slots125m sec

Extended Super-Frame Format

S Bits
Frame Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Fe 0 0 1 0 1 1 DL m m m m m m m m m m m m BC C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Bit Use in Each Channel Time Slot

Traffic Signaling T

SignalingBit Use Options

2 4 16

Bits 17

Bit 8

Bits 17

Bit 8

Bits 17

Bit 8

Bits 17

Bit 8

E1 Frame Format
16th Time Slot Contains Multiframe Alignment Signal ABCD Signaling Bits for Time Slots 1 and 17

Time Slot 0 Synchronization 0011011 Bits 2 to 8

16 Frames per Multiframe

ABCD Signaling Bits for Time Slots 15 and 31

32 Time Slots125usec

39

Digital Signaling Schemes

Channel Associated Signaling

Extended Super Frame

Bit A B C D Audio Supervision Address Signaling Address Signaling On/Off Hook (Dial Pulse) (DTMF)

Frame 6th 12th 18th 24th

40

Digital Signaling Schemes

Common Channel Signaling

E-1

Time Slot 0

Time Slot 16

Supervision Address Signaling Audio (Dial Pulse) Address Signaling On/Off Hook (DTMF)
41

Digital TelephonySynchronization
Bit synchronization
Primary reference source Ones density (except for J1/CMI)

Time slot synchronization

Bits/byte/channel

Frame alignment
Basic rule 193rd bit pattern

42

Digital Telephony Synchronization

One Multiframe (ESF)
3 ms
1

12

24

1 Frame, 125us, 193bits 24 Time Slots

1 12 24

1 Channel Time Slot, 5.18us

648ns
43

SynchronizationTraditional Network Clocking Strata

Master Clock

Stratum
1
PRS Timing Timing

.00001ppm

Toll Office

Timing

One per LATA

Timing

End Office

End Office
DCS

Bits Distribution

3 4
PBX

PBX
44

Digital Telephony Analog Emulation and Pair Gain

Backbone to largest interoperable network in the world Signaling information exchange based on ~30 year old concepts
Twiddling bits based on ~100-year old signaling

45

Digital Telephony Summary

Analog telephony emulation
Voice encoding Limited signaling Loop consolidation

46

Agenda

Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Consolidated Transport Networking

47

Consolidated Transport Networking

Consolidated Transport Networking Remote/Branch Access Frame, Packet, Cell,CES, DS0
C A L L P R O C E S S I N G

Gateway/Integrated Switching

Trunking

Cell, CES
Gateway

Campus/ Desktop

Packet

Consolidated Transport Network Solutions

PBX trunking
PBX trunk pathing Intelligent voice network switching

Branch/remote office access

Virtual switch access Tie line and OPX transport Alternate packet routes

49

PSTN
PBX2 PBX2

PBX Trunk Pathing

PSTN PBX2

PSTN
PBX1

PSTN
PBX4

CES/IWF

PSTN PBX1

CES/IWF

PSTN

PVCs
CES/IWF CES/IWF

PBX4

PSTN PBX 3
50

Network Synchronization Adaptive Clocking

Transmit Clock In-Bound Cells Outbound Frames

Reassembly FIFO Queue

PBX1

ATM Network IWF 1 IWF 2

PBX2

51

Network Synchronization Synchronous Residual Time Stamp

PRS1 PRS1

Transmit Clock
PRS2

PBX1 Receive IWF 1 Clock

ATM Network IWF 2

PBX2

52

Network Synchronization Synchronous Clocking

Traceable to a Single Reference Source

PRS2 PRS

PBX1

IWF 1

ATM Network

IWF 2

PBX2

53

PSTN
PBX2 PBX2

PBX Trunk Pathing

PSTN PSTN
PBX1 PBX4

Network Synchronization
PSTN PBX2
PRS2 CES/IWF CES/IWF

PSTN PBX1

PVCs
CES/IWF
CES/IWF

PSTN

PBX4

PBX3

PSTN
54

PBX Trunking
PBX Trunk PathingConsiderations

N2 connections Tandem hops dependent on topology Dedicated point-to-point circuits Point-to-point signaling Platform availability

55

PSTN
PBX2 PBX2

PBX Trunking Intelligent Voice Switching

PBX2 PSTN

PSTN
PBX1

PSTN
PBX4

PSTN

PBX1 VNS Dynamic VCs

PBX4

PSTN

PBX signaling
DPNSS ETSI-QSIG ISO-QSIG

PBX3 PSTN
56

PBX TrunkingIntelligent Voice Network Switching

Efficient trunk groups Efficient WAN utilization

PBX to network signaling Tandem switch replacement Dynamic setup of virtual circuits Compression Voice activity detection

57

Consolidated Transport Branch/Remote Office Access

Explosive branch office data networking Similar voice and data traffic patterns Technology advancements

58

Satellite Access Consolidated Transport

PSTN

PBX1

PBX Trunk Network

PBX4

PSTN

Access WAN

PSTN

PSTN

H-PBX1

H-PBX2

59

Branch/Remote Office Virtual Switch Access

PBX

Access WAN
KTS/ PBX

60

Branch/Remote Office Access Tie Line and OPX Transport

KTS/ PBX
PBX

Access WAN

KTS/ PBX KTS/ PBX

61

Consolidated Transport Alternate Routes

Access WAN
PBX

Backbone Network PSTN

PBX

62

Fixed vs. Usage Billed Service

CTN Bandwidth Tie Trunk DDD A Plan

Billing Cycle Cost ($)

Z 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Usage/Billing Cycle (Hours/Month)

63

Consolidated Transport - FAX Services

PBX Trunk Network F

PSTN PBX1

PBX4

PSTN
Internet

F F
PSTN

Access WAN
F H-PBX1
PSTN

F H-PBX2

64

Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Consolidated Transport Networking

65

Thank You! Q&A

66