HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

By

Vignans Institute Of Information Technology Electrical And Electronics Engineering

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Volkswagen Bugatti

Non polluting and Energy Efficient vehicle.

Superior technologies in the move

1.FLEX-FUEL TECHNOLOGY FFV have a single engine, fuel and fuel tank system. FFV use gasoline, petrol or diesel as fuel. 2.BI-FUEL TECHNOLOGY Two separate fuel tank and fuel system which easily switch from one to the other. It can be powered by either system. (A) gasoline/diesel (B)Petrol/LPG

3.HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

the most advanced of these superior engines is..

1.WHAT IS HEV? 2.ITS FEATURES 3.ITS ADVANTAGES

UNDERSTANDING THE TECHNOLOGY

1. HEVs COMBINE BENEFITS OF IC ENGINES & ELECTRIC MOTORS TO OBTAIN IMPROVED FUEL ECONOMY & INCREASED POWER. 2 .INFORMANTS OF POWER (a) REGENERATIVE BREAKING (b) ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE / ASSIST (c) AUTOMATIC START / SHUT OFF 3 .THEY COMBINE FEATURES OF IC ENGINES WITH ELECTRIC MOTOR QUENCH THE DESIRED REQUIREMENTS. 4 .HEVs CAN BE CONFIGURED TO GIVE ELECTRIC POWER TO AUXILIARY LOADS SUCH AS POWER TOOLS.

HYBRID CARS
SERIES HYBRID PARALLEL HYBRID FULL HYBRID

MILD HYBRID

 In SERIES HYBRID gasoline engine powers the generator which

drives the electric motor and charges the battery simultaneously.  In PARALLEL HYBRID both the gasoline engine & electric motor operate independently.  Mild ones primarily run on IC engine & the electric motors comes into play at starting or when extra power is required.  In FULL HYBRID IC Engine as well as Electric motor can power the vehicle at the will of the rider. Generating & Motoring action occur simultaneously.

View of internal hybrid mechanism

What happens during?

Starting Normal driving Acceleration or deceleration Stopping (Regenerative braking)

Different modes of operation

THE DRIVE
 The motor may be DC SERIES/separately excited MOTOR or 3 phase INDUCTION MOTOR .  DC installations tend to be simpler and cheaper. DC SERIES motor run in anything between 96v to 96v 192v 192v and may deliver power in the range 20Kw to 20Kw 30Kw. 30Kw. The Controller controls the motor electrically. It consists of Starter, Speed controller, Regenerative braking arrangement.

Speed control and Cruising  The speed is controlled by controlling the terminal voltage across the armature by a chopper ckt. ckt.  For cruising digital controllers are used, which compare the reference and actual speed and decide the sequence and timing of firing the SCRS in the chopper to control the output voltage.

THE DC MOTOR CONTROLLER

A simple DC controller connected to the batteries and the DC motor. If the driver floors the accelerator pedal, the controller delivers the full 96 volts from the batteries to the motor. If the driver take his/her foot off the accelerator, the controller delivers zero volts to the motor. For any setting in between, the controller "chops" the 96 volts thousands of times per second to create an average voltage somewhere between 0 and 96 volts.

OVERVIEW OF CONTROLLER

REGENERATIVE BRAKING
 Regenerative braking has the advantage of retaining the energy while braking which is otherwise wasted in form of heat in case of plugging or rheostatic braking.  In Regenerative braking it is essential to overexcite the machine and reverse the field winding in series motors. This is achieved by a four quadrant chopper  Thus during braking the motor acts as a generator and charges the battery.  The power stored in this situation is utilized for parallel operation of ICE and DC motor while starting under heavy loads, thus providing the additional electric torque.  Under stand by mode of vehicle the throttle drives the motor to supply power to battery which will be saved while in conventional vehicles it will be a power wastage (Idle mode).

Regenerative braking Circuits

AC DRIVE
 AC drive is preferred because of its power handling capacity.  AC motors have robust construction and need less maintenance.  Power electronic devices have made conversion of dc to ac easier.  Hence Induction motors/Generators can used in place of Dc motors.  Squirrel cage Induction motor for robustness and slip ring induction motor for High torques when hybrid vehicle is to drive overloads.

STARTING
In HEVs starting of the induction motor is carried out by varying the rotor resistance,which is monitored by the ac controller.

SPEED CONTROL
In Hybrid vehicles Pulse Width Modulation Technique Is followed. In PWM the voltage as well as the frequency can be varied. With this method lower order harmonics can be minimized or eliminated along with O/P voltage control.

AC CONTROLLER

An AC controller hooks to an AC motor. Using six sets of power transistors, the controller takes in 300 volts DC and produces 230 volts AC, 3-phase. The controller additionally provides a charging system for the batteries, and a DC-to-DC converter to recharge the 12-volt accessory battery.

The hybrid system is an energy saver since the power drive is shared by two power sources and changes proportions as per requirement among the sources thereby saving much of valuable fuel and energy. There are no idling losses since the engine stops during such situations or charges battery. Pollution due to such a controlled system is less since there is no idling nor at low speeds. They have high initial torques and thus quicker accelerations. Lighter engines can be used since load is shared thereby reducing weight an thereby more efficiency and higherspeeds.

Close up of the plug

Can b connected to 110/220v ac source

FUEL CELLS

 A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device similar to a battery, differing in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i.e. it produces electricity from an external supply of fuel and oxygen as opposed to the limited internal energy storage capacity of a battery. Additionally, the electrodes within a battery react and change as a battery is charged, or discharged, whereas a fuel cell's electrodes are catalytic and relatively stable.

Working of a fuelcell

Typical reactants used in a fuel cell are hydrogen on the anode side and oxygen on the cathode side (a hydrogen cell). Usually, reactants flow in and reaction products flow out. Virtually continuous longlong-term operation is feasible as long as these flows are maintained.

Its features
 The range of this car is about 250 miles.  The 0-to-60 mph time is about 8 seconds. to It takes about 12 kilowatt-hours of electricity to kilowattcharge the car after a 50-mile trip. 50 The batteries weigh about 1,000 pounds (500 kg). (500  The batteries last three to four years.  The batteries can be recharged for 1200 times after complete discharge. discharge.

PROS N CONS OF THE SYSTEM

1. Saves energy lost during Idling and braking. 2. Gives additional power to drive in toughest conditions. 3. Saves money by reducing oil imports. 4. These are the only vehicles running on less emission to reduce air pollution. 5. Govt. is providing tax incentives for HEVs. 6. Microchip based automatic gear transmission and power steering makes the riding more comfortable. 7. The fossil fuels can last for many years and the pollution can be controlled.

PROS

PROS N CONS OF THE HYBRID SYSTEM

CONS

 The disadvantage is with the battery whose energy: weight ratio is much less than conventional gasoline fuels.  The heat or the spark produced due to the electric motor may be sometimes dangerous.  They are costly.
Present Hybrid Vehicles in Market : BMW Megacity, Chevy Volt, Coda (Electric Sedan),Nissan Leaf...etc

Reference ::Power Electronics Textbook,M.D. Singh,P.S Bimbra

www.howstuffswork.com www.technicalrockers.blogspot.com www.fueleconomy.org

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