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Probability

Probability is a numerical measure which indicates the chance of occurrence. Eg:A new born child may be male or female. A Stone aimed at Mango on the tree may hit it or it may not.

Random Experiment
Random experiment is an experiment which may not result in the same outcome when repeated under the same conditions. It is an experiment which does not have an unique outcome. Eg; Tossing of a coin Throwing a dice Drawing a card randomly from the pack of playing cards.

Sample space
The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is the sample space. It is denoted by S There are two types of sample space Finite--- Tossing of a coin {H,T} Infinite----- throwing a coin till you get head, then it is infinite.

Event
An event is subset of sample space. They are denoted by A,B,C.etc. Eg: While throwing a dice /die the event of getting an even number is A={2,4,6,} While tossing two coins A is an event which results in two tails A={T,T}

Complement of an event
Let A be an event then complement of A is the event of non-occurrence of A. It is denoted by A or A. Eg: If you throw a dice, the event of getting even number is A={2,4,6} A= {1,3,5}

Equally likely events


Two or more events are said to be equally likely if they have equal chance of occurrence. Eg: If you toss a coin the outcome is head and tail are equally likely. Eg: If you throw a dice, events A={2,4,6},B={1,3,5} Are equally likely events.

Mutually Exclusive events


Two or more events are said to e mutually exclusive if only one of them can occur at a time i.e. mutually exclusive events cannot occur together. Eg: When you throw a coin head and tail are mutually exclusive because when coin is tossed once the result cannot be head as well as tail. Eg: When throwing a die the events A={2,4,6} B={3,5} C={1} are mutually exclusive

Exhaustive events
The set of events is exhaustive if one or the other of the events in the set occurs whenever the experiment is conducted. A={1,2,3} B={4,5,6} S={1,2,3,4,5,6}------Exhaustive events

Probability
Let a Random experiment have a n equally likely, mutually exclusive and exhaustive outcomes, Let m of these outcomes be favorable to an event A. when probability of A is P(A)=No. of favorable outcomes Total no of outcomes i.e. P(A)=m/n Note: 0P(A) 1 P(A)=1-P(A) P(S)=1,when S being the sure event

Illustration
When a coin is tossed what is the probability of getting head? When a die is rolled find the probabilities of following events? 1.getting a number more than 4 2. getting an odd number 3.getting an even number less than 4 4. A perfect square

Illustration
Two coins are tossed at a time find the probability of Getting at least one head Two heads One tail

Illustration
A bag contains 3 white ,4 red, and 2 green balls. One ball is selected from the bag, find the probability that the selected ball is 1.White 2.non-white 3.White or green

Addition Theorem
Let A and B be two events and their respective probabilities be P(A) and P(B) then probability of occurrence is of at least one of these two events is given by P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A B) If A and B are mutually exclusive events then P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)

Use of Combinations
Combinations are used in the probability for selecting elements from the sample space Formula:

Illustration
A box has 5 white,4 red,3 green balls. 2balls are drawn from the box. Find the probability that the two balls are of Same color of different color

Illustration
A box contains 40 nails,20 screws, one fourth of nails and 15% of screws are rusted .an item is drawn from the box. What is the chance that it is a screw or a rusted item.

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