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Planning Function

Looking ahead and chalking out future courses of action. Setting of direction of an organization. Definition of work to be done- including resource requirements, dependencies, and training.

APPROACHES TO PLANNING
Informal Planning Extended Budgeting Top-down Planning Strategic Analysis/Policy Options Bottom-up Planning Behavioral Approach Strategic Review

THE PLANNING CYCLE


-brings together all aspects of planning into a coherent, unified process.

Stage 1: ANALYSIS OF OPPORTUNITIES

Spotting what needs to be done.


Approaches:
SWOT Analysis Risk Analysis Understanding pressures for change

Stage 2: IDENTIFYING THE AIM OF YOUR PLAN


Sharpens the focus of your plan Avoids wastage of effort on irrelevant issues

Guide Questions:
1. What do I want the future to be? 2. What benefit do I want to give to my customers? 3. What returns do I seek? 4. What standards am I aiming at? 5. What values do I and my organization believe in?

Mission Statement
Mission statements give concrete expression to the vision statement. It also identifies the companys reason for existence.

Vision Statement
It expresses the benefit that an organization will provide to its customers. It indicates the companys dream.

Stage 3: EXPLORING OPTIONS


You should know where you are and what you want to do. At this stage it is best to spend a little time generating as many options as possible.

Creativity Tools

Teaches more than 20 techniques Brainstorming - group activity technique by which a group tries to find a solution for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members.

Stage 4: SELECTING THE BEST OPTION


It is time to decide which one to use You could decide to go with the low-cost option. Carrying out detailed planning, costing, risk assessment, etc.

Grid Analysis
Useful technique to use for making a decision. Can decide confidently and rationally.

Decision Trees
Excellent tool Highly effective structure Investigate the possible outcomes of choosing those options

Stage 5. DETAILED PLANNING


You should have a good picture of where you are. What you want to achieve and the range of options available to you. Working out the most efficient and effective way of achieving the aim that you have defined.

Gantt Charts

Help you to plan out the tasks that need to be completed Give you a basis for scheduling when these tasks will be carried out Allow you to plan the allocation of resources needed to complete the project Help you to work out the critical path for a project where you must complete it by a particular date

Drawing a Gantt Chart:


Step 1. List all activities in the plan Step 2. Set up your Gantt Chart Step 3. Plot the tasks onto the graph paper Step 4. Presenting the analysis

Critical Path Analysis


Powerful tools that help you to schedule and manage complex projects. Helps you to plan all tasks that must be completed as part of a project. Allows you to monitor achievement of project goals

Stage 6: EVALUATION OF THE PLAN AND ITS IMPACT

This stage is to review it to decide whether it is worth implementing.

Techniques
1. PMI (Plus/Minus/Interesting) Listing the plus points in the plan in one column. Minus points in a second column, implications and points of uncertainty of the plan in a third column. 2. Cost/Benefit Analysis add up the value of the benefits of a course of action, and subtract the costs associated with it. 3. Force Field Analysis Gives a good overall view of all the forces for and against your plan.

4. Cash Flow Forecasts: assess the effect of time on costs and revenue. Helps in assessing the size of the greatest negative and positive cash flows associated with a plan.

5. "6 Thinking Hats To look at decisions from a number of important perspectives.

Stage 7: IMPLEMENTING CHANGE


Time to implement Shows the details and controls that you will use to monitor the execution of the plan.

Stage 8: CLOSING THE PLAN


An evaluation of the project to see whether there are any lessons that you can learn. Evaluate the project planning to see if this could be improved.

Strategies and Tactics

methods or processes required in total, or in combination to achieve the goals.

more operational and done in context with or as a support activity or operation to achieve a strategy.

Characteristics of Strategies

It is traditionally meant to be a grand plan made in light of what it was believed an adversary might or might do. It derives its relevance given from the existence competition in business.

It is done in the presumption of the existence of a negative scenario. It also connotes general program of action and deployment of emphasis and resources to attain comprehensive objectives.

A process of deciding on objectives of the organization, on changes in the objectives, use and disposition of these resources. It involves determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary to carry out these goals.

A decision about how to use available resources to secure a major objective in the face of obstruction. Implies actions and guides decisionmaking, spelling out directions to be taken. May exist without a policy.

Categories of Strategy

Intended Strategy
refers to the original strategy that management plans and intends to implement.

Realized Strategy
actual and eventual strategy that management actually implements.

Mastersons Road Carmen Flyover

Purpose of the Project


Lessen heavy flow of traffic in the area Enormous help to travelling public for smooth sailing travel Avoidance of traffic congestion To attract investors

Who will benefit the project?


People residing in Carmen. Particularly in Macanhan/Balulang, Zayas Landfill and Upper Carmen like Xavier Heights, Lumbia. The City of Cagayan de Oro in terms of building infrastructure which adds up beauty in within the city

According to the data gathered by the LTO, during rush hours 7:30am 8:30am and 6:30pm 8:00pm the vehicles passes along the intersection reaches not less than 500 public and private vehicles which causes heavy traffic in the area

Macanhan/Balulang

Lumbia

Zayas Landfill

To Dvsoria

How to resolve this traffic?


2 plan proposals by the DPWH Re-route all the vehicles going to Macanhan/Balulang and vehicles going to Lumbia Airport Build Flyover along the intersection

How did they decided to build the flyover?


I. Re-route plan (going to Macanhan/Balulang) Cons: The roads that will be affected by the reroute scheme going to Macanhan/Balulang is not yet concretize. No street light Longer travel time More fuel consumption by the motorists

II. Re-route plan (going to Lumbia Airport)


Cons: No street light Longer travel time Safety concerns Complaining odor passing through Zayas Landfill More fuel consumption by the motorists

Analyzing the Cons


No Streetlights Budget release for the construction of streetlights and additional power consumption in the city Roads not concretize Budget release Longer travel time which could affect businesses in the uptown area (e.g. Pryce Plaza, SM) Odor in the Landfill could affect the health

III. Build Flyover


Cons: Delay the travel time for 6months Nine (9) houses will be affected Power lines need to be transferred resulting to 11hrs blackout in the affected area

Project Description
The Carmen Flyover is a project of Mayor Emano and one of the three flyovers (Puerto, CM Recto) constructed in the city of Cagayan de Oro Mastersons Road along Macanhan is a National Road, therefore under the responsibility of DPWH and City Engineer Bingona

The Carmen Flyover will be constructed along the junctions going to Macanhan, Zayas and uptown going to Lumbia Airport

Date Started: July 1, 2011 Target Completion: w/in 200days (about 6 months) Date Inaugurated: November 15, 2011 (110 days) Cost of the Project:119 million Contractor: UKC Builders Inc.

Reasons delayed for Project


At first the estimated days of completion is 90days from July 1. But former City Engineer Bingona stressed out that the Carmen flyover is different from CM Recto Flyover w/c were started 2 weeks apart. Widening for the foot of Mastersons Road. 9 houses were adversely affected Power lines around the Macanhan flyover project needs to be transferred

Problems in Construction of Carmen flyover No proper detour going to Balulang and Xavier Heights. Longer route Pryce Plaza complaining about the delayed project which causes loss in their business. Considered as roller coaster flyover w/c causes flooding in the foot and upper portion of the flyover

New routing scheme after the construction of Carmen Flyover

Macanhan/Balulang

Lumbia Airport

Zayas Landfill

DVsoria

Carmen Flyover

Run Down
Planning Function
Definition Approaches Phases

Strategy
Characteristics Categories

Case to Consider: Mastersons Road Carmen Flyover

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