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Hydrocarbons
Saturated
Unsaturated
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Alkene
Alkyne
ALKENE
The hydrocarbon in
which the two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond is termed as ALKENE.
ALKYNE
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hydrocarbon in which two carbons are connected by a triple bond is termed as ALKYNE
Characteristics of Hydrocarbons
Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are: The number of carbon atoms How the atoms are arranged: Straight chain Branched chain Ring
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Straight Chains
hydrocarbon can contain one carbon atom, as in methane or thousands of carbon atoms, as in cellulose
Methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane
One carbon Two carbon Three carbon Four carbon Five carbons Six carbon
Branched Chains
The structural formula for certain alkanes can differ. Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are isomers.
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
Saturated
(Cyclohexane)
Unsaturated
(Benzene)
SATURATED
The hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are arranged in a form of a ring and a single bond present in between the carbon atoms is termed as saturated CYCLIC HYDROCARBON.
UNSATURATED
The hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a form of a ring and a double bond present in between the carbon atoms is termed as UNSATURATED CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS(BENZENE).
Homologous series
The compound having same
functional group , same chemical properties and each member differs from successive member by CH2 group.
Functional Group
Hetero Atom Functional Group Formulae of Functional Group -cl,-br -OH -CHO -CO -COOH
Cl/Br Oxygen
ALCOHOL
ALCOHOL are carbon compounds containing OH group attached to carbon atom . The general of alcohol is R-OH where R is an alkyl group and OH is a functional group.
CARBOXYLIC ACID
The compounds
ACID
The general
formula is Cn H2n+1-
COOH.
PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
ESTERFICATION
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH
CH3 COOC2H5+H2O
THE REACTION IN WHICH CARBOXYLIC ACID COMBINES WITH ALCOHOL TO FORM AN ESTER IS KNOWN AS ESTERFICATION.
Saponification
produces soap from fatty acid derivatives. Traditionally, saponification involves hydrolysis of esters under basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of a carboxylic acid (carboxylates). Saponifiable substances are those that can [1] be converted into soap.
SAPONIFICATION
THE PROCESS IN WHICH OIL OR FATS IS HYDROLYSED WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE TO GET SOAP AND GLYCEROL IS CALLED SAPONIFICATION.