OSTEOLOGY

Dr.Shayan 9062046706

skeleton
Skeleton includes bones and cartileges forming the main structural frame work of the body Bone it is a coonective tissue(1/3), impregnated calcium salts(2/3) It has greater regenrative power than any other tissue of the body ,except blood

Functions of bones
Bones give shape and support to the body and ressist all forms of stress Provide surface for attachment of muscles , tendons ligaments etc. Bone marrow manufacture blood cells Bone marrow contains reticulo endothelial cells which are phagocytic in nature and take part in immune responeses of the body

Classification of bones
According to structure compact bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous. It is extremly porus cancellous or trabecular bone composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space.

According to shape
Long bone-humerus radius ulna Flat bone- skull sternum scapula Short bone carpal and tarsal bones Irregular bones vertebra, hip bones Pneumatic bone- irregular bones containing large air spaces like maxilla sphenoid ethmoid etc sesamoid bones-these are bony nodules embedded in the tendons or joint capsules

According to shape

Features of sesamoid bone

To resist pressure To minimise friction To alter the direction of the pull of muscle Develops after birth

Haversian system
Compact bone is very hard and dense. It consists of microscopic cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of a bone. The cylindrical, column-like structures are the Haversian systems and are laid down in concentric rings called lamellae. Each of these systems is in turn interconnected to other systems to provide a continuous network of blood vessels and nerves.

Gross structure of an adult bone

Gross structure of an adult bone

Shaft From outwards to inwards it is compoosed of perisoteum cortex medullary cavity

Gross structure of an adult bone

Periosteum it is a thick fibrous membrane covering the surface of the bone ,contents of perisoteum are: Cells osteoblast collagen type 1 ground substance- ca,h,po4 Periosteum has rich n/s which makes it most sensitive part of the bone

Gross structure of an adult bone

Cortex is made up of compact bone which gives desired strenth to withstand all strains Medullary cavity it is filled wit red or yellow marrow .At birth all marrow are red every where due to wide spread haemopoesis which later on is replaced by yellow marrow Red marrow persist in parts of cancellous bones Two ends of long bone are made up of cancellous bones coverd with hyaline cartilege

Parts of young bone

Parts of young bone

Epiphysis -the ends and tips of bone which
ossify from the secondary centre
Types of epiphysis Pressure epiphyses: These epiphyses are articular that is they take part in joint formation. These epiphyses are the weight transmitting epiphyses. Examples are head of the humerus, lower end of the radius etc.

 Traction epiphyses: These are non-articular and

do not take part in the formation of joints. They also do not take part in transmission of weight. The actual job of traction epiphyses is to provide attachment to tendons of muscles. The traction epiphyses ossify later than the pressure epiphyses. Examples of these epiphyses are tubercles of humerus (greater tubercle and lesser tubercle) and trochanters of femur (greater trochanter and lesser trochanter)

 Atavistic epiphyses: These epiphyses are phylogenetically independent but they become fused in man. Examples are coracoid process of scapula and os trigonum. Aberrant epiphyses: As the name indicates (aberrant = not usual) these epiphyses are not always present. Examples are epiphyses at the head of the first metacarpal bone and at the base of other metacarpal bones.

 Diaphysis: Diaphysis is the term used for elongated shaft of the long bone. It ossifies from a primary center.

 Metaphyses:
The ends of diaphysis near the epiphyses are known as metaphyses. Since a long bone has two ends so there are two metaphyses. Each metaphysis is the zone of active growth of a long bone. Before the fusion of diaphysis and epiphyses, the metaphyses are richly supplied with blood through end arteries forming hair pin bends. This is the common site of osteomyelitis in children.

Blood supply of bones

Blood supply of bones

Nutrient artery It enters the shaft through nutirnt foramen which is away from growing end of long bone & runs obliquely through cortex and then divides into ascending & desending branch in the medullary cavity .Each branch now divides into a number of small termnal channels which terminate in the adult metaphysis The nutrient artery supplies medullary cavity, inner 2/3 of cortex and metaphysis

Blood supply of bones

Periosteal arteries:
Periosteal arteries are the arteries of periosteum being especially numerous beneath the muscular and ligamentous attachment. Beneath the periosteum they divide into branches and thereby entering the Volkmann s canals(connects meduulary cavity with haversian canal) to supply the outer one third (1/3) portion of the cortex.

Blood supply of bones

Epiphyseal arteries: These are the arteries of epiphyses and are derived from the peri-articular vascular arcades found on the non-articular bony surfaces. This area also has numerous foramina out of which only few are the entrance points of these arteries while the remaining are the venous exits.

Blood supply of bones

Metaphyseal arteries: These arteries are derived from the neighboring systemic vessels. These arteries directly go into the metaphyses and reinforce the metaphyseal branches of the primary nutrient artery.

Cartilege
Cells chondroblastchondrocyte

Fibres type 2

Ground substance- chondrotin sulphate+hyalrunic acid

CARTILEGE
Cells+ fibres+ gr.substance- PERIOSTEUM CARTILEGE

HYALINE

ELASTIC

FIBRO CARTILEGE

CARTILEGE
Hyaline cartilege its rich in hylorunic acid Location- respiratory system nasal septum+ cartilege of larynx tracheal rings coastal cartilege

CARTILEGE
Elastic cartilege rich in elastic fibres Present in tips of nose and auditory system Fibro cartilege intravertebral disc articular disc meniscus labrum