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Modulation
What is Modulation?
Modulation can be defined as the transformation of superimposition of the signal containing the information on a highModulating frequency Modulation If we transmit a audio carrier.
frequency of 4Khz
Voice Signal or Baseband Signal
Signal
Modulated Signal
Analog Radio
Low frequency
Carrier Signal
High frequency
Analog Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
wm = 2fm
em = Em sin wmt
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation:
E
The Phase angle of is unchanging in Amplitude Modulation. The Amplitude (Voltage) varies along the process
Em Ec A
Emsin Wmt
t
fSB = fc nfm
m = Em/Ec
Amplitude Modulation
Modulating Index:
In order for proper AM to occur, the modulating signal voltage Em must be less than the carrier voltage Ec. Modulation index is also called modulation factor, modulation coefficient , or the degree of modulation. The modulation index should be a number between 0 and 1.
If: m = 1 perfectly modulated; m = 0 the signal is a constant amplitude carrier; m = < 0 under modulation and m = > 1 over modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
m = Em/Ec
Ec
e = Ec (1 + m sinwmt) sin wct Using trigonometric t function of: sinxsiny = [cos (x-y) cos (x+y)]
Amplitude Modulation
AM Waveform:
Amplitude Modulation Equation: e = Ec sinwct + (mEc/2) cos(wc-wm)t (mEc/2) cos(wc+wm)t
Modulating Signal
Carrier
Amplitude Modulation
AM Waveform:
Amplitude Modulation Equation: e = Ec sinwct + (mEc/2) cos(wc-wm)t (mEc/2) cos(wc+wm)t Carrier Signal: Ec sinwct Lower Sideband Signal: (mEc/2) cos(wcwm)t Upper Sideband Signal: (mEc/2) cos(wc+wm)t
LSB
USB
B 2 Fm
fm fm
fc - f m
fc
fc + fm
Amplitude Modulation
AM Waveform:
m = Vmax Vmin Modulating index for Vmax + Vmin multiple modulating frequencies:
m m1 m2
2 2
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Pc = Carrier Power, W Pt = Total Power, W PLSB = Lower Sideband Power, W PUSB = Upper Sideband Power, W Ec = Carrier Voltage, V ELSB = Lower Sideband Voltage, V EUSB = Upper Sideband Voltage, V R = Antenna Resistance, Ohhms,