Communicable Diseases

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Communicable Disease
Communicable diseases, sometimes called infectious diseases, are illnesses caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.

Communicable diseases may be transmitted (spread) in the following ways: By one infected person to another From an animal to a human From some inanimate object (doorknobs, table tops, etc.) to an individual

Whats a vector?
vectors are usually arthropods (animals with jointed arms and legs, a body with many sections and its skeleton on the outside) like ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, and other creepy crawlers. They can carry diseases from one person or animal to anothersometimes without even getting infected.

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i.There are three general categories of transmission: 1.contact 2.vehicle 3.vector

Transmission

Transmission is the transfer of a disease-causing microorganism from one environment to another, particularly from an external environment to a susceptible individual. Categories of transmission: There are three general categories of transmission: contact vehicle vector

Contact
Contact transmission is transmission by either: direct contact (person-to-person) indirect contact droplets

Direct contact [person-to-person transmission]

Person-to-person transmission: Direct contact (or person-to-person) transmission is a form of contact transmission. For example, direct contact transmission includes: touching kissing sexual intercourse Prevention by barrier: Note that the best way to prevent direct contact transmission is through the use of barriers such as: gloves masks condoms etc.

Indirect contact transmission [fomite]

Contact with fomites: Indirect contact transmission is a form of contact transmission where transmission occurs from a reservoir via inanimate objects. These objects generally are referred to as fomites. Fomites are basically almost anything an infected individual (or reservoir) can touch, upon which can be left a residue of contagious pathogen. Typically it is more difficult to avoid indirect contact transmission than it is to avoid direct contact transmission. The best way to prevent indirect contact transmission is by: avoiding contact with fomites avoiding contact of hands with mucous membranes especially when handling or potentially handling fomites the use of barriers when handling fomites disinfecting fomites before handling

Droplet transmission
Achoo!: Droplet transmission is a form of contact transmission. Basically it is the consequence of being: coughed on sneezed on spit on Still moving: Note that to be considered droplet transmission the mucous droplet must still be traveling with the velocity imparted on it upon leaving the mouth. As a rule of thumb this is up to one meter post-mouth. Any further and this is considered airborne transmission. Given interaction within one meter of people it is certainly more difficult to avoid droplet transmission than it is to avoid either direct or indirect contact transmission. Not surprisingly, it is especially respiratory diseases that are transmitted by droplets.

Carrier
Intraspecific reservoir: A carrier is a person (in the case of human disease) who carries (i.e., is infected by) a communicable disease and serves as an "intraspecific"reservoir. Overall, carriers are the most important reservoirs of human disease. Asymptomatic carriers: During the incubation of and convalescence from an infection, a person can still be the carrier of some diseases. That is, an individual need not be symptomatic to serve as a reservoir. In fact, the term carrier is often used synonymously with asymptomatic carrier.

Arthropod
Insect-like: Arthropods are animals with segmented bodies, exoskeletons, and jointed legs. In other words, they are insect-like things:
centipedes crustaceans fleas insects lice millipedes mites spiders ticks etc.

As transmitters of disease arthropods they are called vectors, arthropod vectors. Especially those arthropods that feed on blood come into intimate contact with humans and consequently can transmit disease-causing microorganism.

Vector
Passers of disease: Because arthropods pass disease-causing microorganisms from person to person they are know as disease vectors. There exist numerous microorganisms that have complex life cycles only in specific arthropod species. Eradication of vector-spread microorganisms often involves controlling vectors such as mosquitoes (in the case of malaria). Variations on the theme: Vectors differ in: how they transport a microorganisms whether the microorganism replicates how specific the microorganism is to its vector

 Mechanical vector A mechanical vector is a vector that simply carries a microorganism with no replication occurring. A house fly, for example, can pick up Salmonella spp. on its feet from feces and then deposit it on human food. Intermediate host vector Harbors asexual reproduction: Being an intermediate host vector is a level up in complexity from mechanical vector. The microorganism can replicate asexually during transport. An example is Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease). Definitive host vector Harbors sexual reproduction: Being a definitive host vector is yet another level up in complexity, this time from that seen with in intermediate host vector. Here the microorganism can replicate sexually during transport. An example is Plasmodium spp. (malaria).

Some Human Diseases Spread by Arthropod Vectors

African trypanosomiasis arboviral encephalitis babesiosis Chagas' disease dengue fever Lyme disease epidemic typhus malaria plague relapsing fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever salmonellosis scabies tularemia yellow fever

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