Professional Documents
Culture Documents
among
Children
Special Problems
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is found in many children and adults. Children with ADHD have trouble paying attention in school, at home or at play. They are much more active and/or impulsive than what is usual for their age. These behaviors contribute to significant problems in relationships, learning and behavior.
inattention
have been present for at least 6 months to a point that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level.
Inattention
Often does not give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, or other activities. Often has trouble keeping attention on tasks or play activities. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly. Often does not follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork Often has trouble organizing activities.
Often avoids, dislikes, or doesn't want to do things that take a lot of mental effort for a long period of time (such as schoolwork or homework). Often loses things needed for tasks and activities (e.g. toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools). Is often easily distracted. Is often forgetful in daily activities.
hyperactivity-impulsivity
have been present for at least 6 months to an extent that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level.
Hyperactivity
Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat. Often gets up from seat when remaining in seat is expected. Often runs about or climbs when and where it is not appropriate (adolescents or adults may feel very restless).
Often has trouble playing or enjoying leisure activities quietly. Is often "on the go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor." Often talks excessively.
Impulsivity
Often blurts out answers before questions have been finished. Often has trouble waiting one's turn. Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games).
Dyslexia
Dyslexia
is a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, and by poor spelling and decoding abilities
Generally Appears bright, highly intelligent, and articulate but unable to read, write, or spell at grade level Labeled lazy, dumb, careless, immature, "not trying hard enough," or "behavior problem." Isn't "behind enough" or "bad enough" to be helped in the school setting
High in IQ, yet may not test well academically; tests well orally, but not written Feels dumb; has poor self-esteem; hides or covers up weaknesses with ingenious compensatory strategies; easily frustrated and emotional about school reading or testing Talented in art, drama, music, sports, mechanics, story-telling, sales, business, designing, building, or engineering
Seems to "Zone out" or daydream often; gets lost easily or loses track of time Difficulty sustaining attention; seems "hyper" or "daydreamer." Learns best through hands-on experience, demonstrations, experimentation, observation, and visual aids
Reading or writing shows repetitions, additions, transpositions, omissions, substitutions, and reversals in letters, numbers and/or words
Clumsy, uncoordinated, poor at ball or team sports; difficulties with fine and/or gross motor skills and tasks; prone to motion-sickness Can be ambidextrous, left/right, over/under and often confuses
Can be an extra deep or light sleeper; bedwetting beyond appropriate age Unusually high or low tolerance for pain
Mental Retardation
is a generalized disorder, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors
Signs
Children with mental retardation may learn to sit up, to crawl, or to walk later than other children, or they may learn to talk later. Both adults and children with mental retardation may also exhibit the following characteristics:
Delays in oral language development Deficits in memory skills Difficulty learning social rules Difficulty with problem solving skills Delays in the development of adaptive behaviors such as self-help or self-care skills Lack of social inhibitors
Class
Profound mental retardation
IQ
Below 20
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AUTISM
is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by severe deficits in social interaction and communication, by an extremely limited range of activities and interests, and often by the presence of repetitive, stereotyped behaviors.
Delayed or unusual speech patterns (many autistic children, for example, memorize video scripts and repeat them word for word with the precise intonation as the TV characters) High pitched or flat intonation Lack of slang or "kidspeak" Difficulty understanding tone of voice and body language as a way of expressing sarcasm, humor, irony, etc. Lack of eye contact Lack of Empathy : Inability to take another's perspective (to imagine oneself in someone else's shoes)
While it's unusual to find an autistic person who is obviously physically disabled as a result of the disorder, most autistic people do have some level of fine and gross motor difficulty. This often manifests itself in poor handwriting, difficulty with athletic coordination, etc. As a result, when autistic people get involved with sports, it's usually in individual, endurance sports such as running and swimming.
Personality Differences
Engage in repetitive behaviors and ritualized activities, ranging from lining up items to following a rigid routine, Have one or a few passionate interests, Have difficulty in making and keeping multiple friends, Prefer activities that require relatively little verbal interaction.
unresponsiveness to people, and/or intent focus on one item to the exclusion of others for long periods; lack of response to their name; lack of eye contact; difficulty interpreting what others are thinking or feeling; (empathy) delay in gaining speech and/or odd speech patterns; repetitive movements such as rocking or twirling, or self-abusive behavior such as head-banging; speaking in a flat or sing-song voice; unusually low or high sensitivity to pain, noise, light or crowds
Treatments
2. Speech Therapy
Almost all people with autism have issues with speech and language. Sometimes these issues are obvious; many people with autism are non-verbal or use speech very poorly. Sometimes the issues relate not to articulation or grammar but to "speech pragmatics" (the use of speech to build social relationships). Across the board, though, speech and language therapy is likely to be helpful for people with autism.
4. Physical Therapy
Autism is a "pervasive developmental delay." Many autistic people have gross motor delays, and some have low muscle tone (they're unusually weak). Physical therapy can build up strength, coordination, and basic sports and skills.
5. Play Therapy
Strange as it may sound, children with autism need help learning to play. And play can also serve as a tool for building speech, communication, and social skills. Play therapists may have training in particular therapeutic techniques such as Floor time or The Play Project - or they may incorporate play therapy into speech, occupational or physical therapy
7. Behavior Therapy
Children with autism are often frustrated. They are misunderstood, have a tough time communicating their needs, suffer from hypersensitivities to sound, light and touch ... no wonder they sometimes act out! Behavior therapists are trained to figure out just what lies behind negative behaviors, and to recommend changes to the environment and routines to improve behavior.
8. Visually-Based Therapies
Many people with autism are visual thinkers. Some do very well with picture-based communication systems. Video modeling, video games and electronic communication systems also tap into autistic people's visual strength to build skills and communication
9. Biomedical Therapies
Biomedical treatments may include pharmaceuticals.
Children with these disorders are really helpless and need our co-operation. Lets join our hands for the normal and healthy growth of these children