Wind Energy

Ancient Resource Meets 21st Century

Wind Turbines

Power for a House or City

Wind Energy Outline

History Advantages Design Type of turbine

History

Wind Energy History

1 A.D.

~ 400 A.D.

Hero of Alexandria uses a wind machine to power an organ Wind driven Buddhist prayer wheels Golden era of windmills in western Europe 50,000 9,000 in Holland; 10,000 in England; 18,000 in Germany Multiblade turbines for water pumping made and marketed in U.S. Thomas Edison commissions first commercial electric generating stations in NYC and London Competition from alternative energy sources reduces windmill population to fewer than 10,000 Heyday of the small multiblade turbines in the US midwast

1200 to 1850 1850s

1882

1900

1850 1930

1936+

As many as 6,000,000 units installed

US Rural Electrification Administration extends the grid to most formerly isolated rural sites
Grid electricity rapidly displaces multiblade turbine uses
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Increasingly Significant Power Source

coal petroleum natural gas nuclear hydro other renewables wind
coal petroleum natural gas nuclear hydro other renewables wind

Wind currently produces less than 1% of the nations power.

Wind could generate 6% of nations electricity by 2020.

US Wind Energy Capacity U.S. Wind Energy Capacity

10000 8000 6000 MW 4000 2000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Wind Power Advantages

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Advantages of Wind Power

Environmental Fuel Diversity & Conservation Cost Stability

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Environmental Benefits
No air pollution No greenhouse gasses Does not pollute water with mercury No water needed for operations

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Fuel Diversity Benefits

Domestic energy source Inexhaustible supply Small, dispersed design

reduces supply risk

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Cost Stability Benefits

Flat-rate pricing

hedge against fuel price volatility risk

Wind electricity is inflation-proof

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Wind Power Design

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Power in the Wind (W/m2)

= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3 A V3

Density = P/(RxT)
P - pressure (Pa) R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK) T - air temperature (K)

Area = r2 m2

Instantaneous Speed (not mean speed) m/s

kg/m3

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accelerate and impart kinetic energy into the air Wind energy conversion machines (WEC) convert wind energy into electrical or mechanical forms How much power can we extract?
K.E. 12 (mass ) (velocity)2 Power time time mass density area velocity time

Atmospheric pressure differences Wind Energy and Power

Power 1 2 (density) area (velocity)3

AV 3
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Wind Energy Natural Characteristics

Wind Speed

Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed 10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more electricity 2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity

Height

Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power 2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity

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Wind Energy Natural Characteristics

Air density

Wind energy increases proportionally with air density Humid climates have greater air density than dry climates Lower elevations have greater air density than higher elevations Wind energy in Denver about 6% less than at sea level

Blade swept area

Wind energy increases proportionally with swept area of the blades

Blades are shaped like airplane wings

10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater swept area Longest blades up to 413 feet in diameter

Resulting in 600 foot total height

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Betz Limit
Theoretical maximum energy extraction from wind = 16/27 = 59.3% Undisturbed wind velocity reduced by 1/3 Albert Betz (1928)

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How Big is a 2.0 MW Wind Turbine?

This picture shows a Vestas V-80 2.0-MW wind turbine superimposed on a Boeing 747 JUMBO JET

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Wind Turbine Power Curve

2500

Vestas V80 2 MW Wind Turbine

2000

KW

1500

1000

500

10

20

30 MPH

40

50
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Nacelle Components
5

10

16 17
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Hub controller Pitch cylinder Main shaft Oil cooler Gearbox Top Controller Parking Break Service crane Transformer Blade Hub

12 12
11. Blade bearing 12. Blade 13. Rotor lock system 14. Hydraulic unit 15. Machine foundation 16. Yaw gears 17. Generator 18. Ultra-sonic sensors 19. Meteorological gauges

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Types of Turbines: HAWT & VAWT

HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines) have the rotor spinning around a horizontal axis The rotor vertical axis must turn to track the wind Gyroscopic precession forces occur as the turbine turns to track the wind

VAWT (Vertical Axis Wind Turbines) have the rotor spinning around a vertical axis This Savonius rotor will instantly extract energy regardless of the wind direction The wind forces on the blades reverse each half-turn causing fatigue of the mountings The two-phase design with the two sections at right angles to each other starts more easily
Photo by F. Leslie, 2001

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Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)

Sailwing, 1300 A.D.
Experimental American Farm, 1854 Wind farm

Dutch post mill

Dutch with fantail

1.8 m

Modern Turbines

75 m

Ref.: WTC
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Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)

This sample shows the diversity of VAWT over the years

Panemone, 1000 B.C.

Darrieus with Savonius Giromill

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References: Websites, etc.

http://www.windpower.org/index.htm http://groups.yahoo.com/group/awea-wind-home/ Join this group for access to experts http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/klemen/Perfect_Turbine.htm basics of small turbines http://www.windturbine-analysis.com/index.htm Darrieus turbine analysis as a student project Excellent! http://www.sandia.gov/wind/ http://www.power-technology.com/ http://telosnet.com/wind/index.html Excellent history and progress review http://www.eere.energy.gov/windpoweringamerica/ http://www.middelgrunden.dk/MG_UK/project_info/turbine.htm Offshore windfarm http://www.capewind.org/harnessing/pcons02.htm http://www.bergey.com/ http://homepages.enterprise.net/hugh0piggott/download/windrotord.pdf Learn how to build a turbine! http://homepages.enterprise.net/hugh0piggott/pmgbooklet/index.htm Build a PM generator http://users.aber.ac.uk/iri/WIND/TECH/WPcourse/page2.html How blades work http://www.espace-eolien.fr/ouest/Images_Gou.HTM French turbine photos http://www.windpowerindia.com/index.asp __________________________________________________________________________________ awea-windnet@yahoogroups.com. Wind Energy elist awea-wind-home@yahoogroups.com. Wind energy home powersite elist rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS windenergyexperimenter@yahoogroups.com. Elist for wind energy experimenters telosnet.com/wind/20th.html solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

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THANK YOU

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