BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 23 Circulation
Modules 23.1 23.3
From PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

How Does Gravity Affect Blood Circulation? As with all land animals, the giraffe and the corn snake are constantly subject to the force of gravity

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 The circulatory system keeps blood pumping despite gravitys pull

Muscle contractions help blood travel uphill in the veins of a giraffes long legs The wriggling of the corn snake squeezes its veins and increases circulation

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Most animals have a circulatory system

It transports O2 and nutrients to cells

It takes away CO2 and other wastes

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23.1 The circulatory system associates intimately with all body tissues Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels
They form an intricate network among the tissue cells

Capillary

Red blood cell

Figure 23.1A
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 No substance has to diffuse far to enter or leave a cell

Capillary

INTERSTITIAL FLUID

Diffusion of molecules

Tissue cell

Figure 23.1B
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MECHANISMS OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT 23.2 Several types of internal transport have evolved in animals

In cnidarians and flatworms, the gastrovascular cavity functions in both

digestion internal transport
Mouth Circular canal

Figure 23.2A
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 Most animals have a separate circulatory system, either open or closed

Open systems
A heart pumps blood through open-ended vessels into spaces between cells

Tubular heart Pores

Figure 23.2B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Closed systems
A heart pumps blood through arteries and capillary beds

The blood returns to the heart via veins

Capillary beds Arteriole

Artery (O2-rich blood)

Venule
Vein Atrium Gill capillaries Artery Ventricle (O2-poor blood) Heart Figure 23.2C

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23.3 Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect evolution

Gill capillaries

A fish has a single circuit of blood flow

Heart: Ventricle (V) Atrium (A)

Systemic capillaries Figure 23.3A

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 The cardiovascular system of land vertebrates has two circuits

Lung capillaries

The pulmonary circuit

conveys blood between the heart and gasexchange tissues
A PULMONARY CIRCUIT

A V Left SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT

The systemic circuit

carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body
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V Right

Systemic capillaries

Figure 23.3B